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LaL-Gr

LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION

BY THE

REV. HERBERT W. SNEYD-KYNNERSLEY, LL.D.

{Trinity College, Cambridge \ Headmaster of St. Georges, Ascot.)

RELFE BROTHERS,
6, CHARTERHOUSE BUILDINGS, ALDERSGATE, E.G.

a

PREFACE.

THIS little book, the result of fifteen years' experience
in teaching Latin Prose to young boys, is now published
in the hope that it may be of use to those who are pre-
paring boys for Public School Examinations.

It is recommended that before each Exercise is
written, the boys should learn by heart the Syntax rules

and Notes at the head of the Exercise, and also the

».#.
Vocabulary belonging to it, which will be found at the

end of the book.

No Vocabularies are given after Exercise XXVL, as
by the time a boy has advanced so far, he ought to have
a sufficient Vocabulary at his command.

A frequent and sensible use of a good Latin-English
Dictionary should be insisted on in doing the connected
pieces.

Any suggestions from brother-schoolmasters will be
gratefully received.

H. W. SNEYD-KYNNERSLEY.

ST. GEORGE'S, ASCOT,
March, 1886.

CONTENTS.

THE SIMPLE SENTENCE:—

PAGE

Exercise I. Parts of Speech : Concords i, 2 . . .7

,, II. Deponent Verbs : Concords I, 2, 3 . . 16

»j III. >> » » »> • • • 20

„ IV. Concord 4. The Relative .... 23

„ V. Correlative Words.

Double Accusative Verbs.

Dative and Accusative Verbs . . . .28

,, VI. Time — Space — Motion to — Motion from

Locative . . . . . .33

„ VII. The Dative 37

„ VIII. The Dative 40

,, IX. Direct Questions — Double Questions — Prohibition

The Ablative . . . . . -43

„ X. The Ablative. ..... 48

„ XL The Genitive . . . . . .52

,, XII. Recapitulatory ..... 55

„ XIII. The Verb Noun Infinitive— Gerundial Attraction

The Gerundive . . . . . '57

,, XIV. Recapitulatory . . , . .61

vi Contents.

THE COMPOUND SENTENCE:—

PAGE

Exercise XIV. Substantival Clauses

Consecution of Tenses . . . .61

„ XV. Substantival Clauses— Indirect Statement . . 63

„ XVI. Indirect Statement .... 69

„ XVII. Indirect Petition and Command . . -73

,, XVIII. Indirect Petition and Command

Indirect Question . ... 77

„ XIX. On Substantival Clauses generally . . .81

„ XX. Adverbial Clauses

Final and Consecutive .... 83

„ XXI. Final and Consecutive Clauses . . .87

„ XXII. Causal and Temporal Clauses

The Ablative Absolute . . 92

XXIII. Recapitulatory . . . . . 9&

„ XXIV. Conditional Clauses . . . .102

„ XXV. Concessive and Comparative Clauses . . 105

„ XXVI. Oratio Obliqua . . . . .109

ONE HUNDRED IDIOMATIC PHRASES AND SENTENCES IN ENGLISH

AND LATIN . . . . . . .113

MISCELLANEOUS SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION . . 119

SELECTED PIECES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN PROSE . . 131

VOCABULARIES— I. to XXVI. 181

LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION,

EXERCISE I.

SYNTAX NOTES.
I. PARTS OF SPEECH.

There are eight Parts of Speech in Latin, four which can be
changed in order to vary their meaning, four which cannot be
changed : —

1. Verb, which states what the subject is, does, or suffers, as

amat, he loves ; amatur, he is loved.

2. Substantive, which names a thing, as Caesar (proper

name) ; regina (common Noun).

3. Adjective, which qualifies a Substantive, as puer

sapiens, the wise boy.

4. Pronoun, which stands for a Substantive, as ego voco,

tu regis, I call, you rule.

5. Adverb, which limits the meaning of a Verb, Adjective,

or another Adverb, stating how, why, when, or where
anything happens, or is, as puer celeriter currit,
the boy runs quickly. Veni ad me hodie, come
to me to day.

8

6. Preposition, which is used with certain cases of a

Noun, as puer in aquam saluit ; the boy jumped
into the water.

7. Conjunction, which joins together words (which must

be the same parts of speech) or clauses, as puer et
puella ; ventt, sed non locutus est, he came, but he
did not speak.

8. Interjection, which is an exclamation, as Heu ! alas !

II. The Verb is divided into two parts, (i.) The Verb
finite, those parts of the Verb which have Person, Mood, and
Tense, i.e, the whole of the Indicative and Conjunctive Moods.
(2.) The Verb infinite, those parts which have only Tense,
i.e., the Infinitive.

Verbs are either Transitive or Intransitive.

1. Transitive Verbs are those in which the action of the

Verb passes on to an object, as : — Ccesar vicit bar-
baros, Caesar conquered the barbarians. This object
is put in the Accusative Case.

2. Intransitive Verbs are those in which the action does

not pass on, and the Verb and its Subject make
complete sense, as \-puer currit, the boy runs ;
dormio, I sleep.

Every Simple Sentence must contain one finite Verb, and
only one, and a Noun term either expressed or understood.

The shortest form of sentence therefore is an Intransitive
Verb, with its subject understood, as : — dormio, I sleep.

If the Verb is Transitive an object must be added, which
(as a rule) must be put in the Accusative Case, as : — audio
vocem, I hear a voice.

9

III. Every sentence must contain a Subject and a Pre-
dicate.

The Subject must be some Noun term, />., a Substantive
or something which can stand instead of a Substantive.

The Predicate must be some finite part of a Verb which
declares (prczdico) what the subject is, does, or suffers,
and so completes the sense of the sentence.

Sometimes the Predicate is split up into two parts, Copula,
and Complement. The Copula is some finite
part of the Verb sum or other 'link- verb,' which joins
together the Subject and the Complement as : — videor,
I seem ; vocor, I am called ; fio, I become.

The Complement is the word which is joined by the
Copula to the Subject, and which completes the
sense of the Sentence, the Copula and Complement
together forming the Predicate, as : —

SUBJECT. PREDICATE.

Copula Complement

puer videtur sapiens

the boy seems wise.

N.B. — Copulative Verbs do not govern any Case ; but the
Complement must agree with the Subject : if a Substantive, in
Case ; if an Adjective, in Gender, Number, and Case.

IV. We now come to the * Four Concords ' or rules of
Agreement. For Exercise I. the first two only are required.

ist Concord. The Verb Finite must agree with its
Subject in Number and Person, as : —

ego voco, tu respondes, pueri veniunt.

I call ; you answer ; the boys are coming.

10

Before you write down a sentence in Latin, always th'ink —
What is the Subject? You can always find this out by asking
the question who? or what? with the Verb, thus: — 'Here
come the soldiers.' Q. Who come? A. The soldiers;
therefore ' the soldiers ' is the Subject, and the Verb
' come ' must agree with the Subject soldiers in Number
and Person.

Sometimes there are two or more subjects to one Verb, as
' My brother and I are learning many things ; ' in this case the
Verb must of course be Plural Number, and must agree with
the First Person rather than the Second, and the Second rather
than the Third ; so in the sentence ' My brother and I are
learning many things,' the Verb will be ist Person Plural,
'We are learning.'

2nd Concord. The Adjective must agree with the Sub-
stantive which it qualifies in Gender, Number, and
Case, as : —

Video arborem altam,
I see a high tree ;
Hie est cants meus,
This is my dog.

The Adjectival Pronouns, metis, tuus, noster, vester, hic^ ille+
iste, tpse, etc., are considered as Adjectives.

If the Genders differ, the Adjective must agree with the
Masculine rather than the Feminine, and the Feminine rather
than the Neuter, as : —

Prater meus et soror mea docti sunt.
My brother and sister are learned.

If the Nouns are * Abstract Nouns,' i.e., things which you
cannot touch and see, but only imagine the idea of, as honour,

11

glory, wisdom, then the Adjectives agreeing with them are
put in the Neuter Gender, as : —

Divitice, decus^ gloria mihi data sunt

Riches, honour, and glory have been given to me.

V. In learning the English of the Latin Tenses, remember
that the same Tense may have different renderings ; for
instance, the Present Tense, amat may mean, * he loves,' ' he
is loving,' or 'he does love.'

The Imperfect, amabat, may mean ' he was loving,' ' he
used to love/ or 'he continued to love.'

The Perfect, amavit, may mean ' he has loved,' (when it is
called the Strict Perfect,) or ' he loved/ (when it is called the
Aorist)

N.B. — i. Always put the Finite Verb (excepting parts of the
Verb sum) at the end of the Sentence.

2. Always put the Substantive before the Adjective which

qualifies it, then you will probably make no mistake
in the Gender, Number, and Case.

3. Adverbs should be put just before the words of which

they limit the meaning.

1. The Queen is ruling this country.

2. The days are long.

3. The lion's head is very large.

4. My sister is weeping.

5. The boy was playing.

6. The boys were digging a ditch.

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7. Come1 here, my friend.

8. I have given2 a book to my son.

9. We shall conquer the enemy.

10. The shepherd was shearing the sheep.

11. This boy does not like books.

12. My father is drinking wine.

13. My garden is very large.

14. I see very many flowers.

15. The good boys are learning.

16. This book will be useful4 to you.3

17. Our master is very learned.

18. The boy was opening the door.

19. These little boys are not learned.

20. My head is large.

21. Your3 head is larger.

22. The judge has a large garden.

23. That bull is very fierce.

24. I have seen fiercer bulls.

25. Those boys were throwing long darts.

26. My son was standing in5 the water.

27. Your hands are very strong.

28. Our soldiers are very brave.

29. I will not drink wine to-day.

30. Our soldiers will conquer the enemy in war.

31. I have hurt my brother's hand,

32. The boy told6 his name to me.

33. We love our Queen.

34. Give me that book.

35. These boys were running a long race.

36. You are doing very useful work.

37. That work is not very easy.

38. My dog will not hurt the sheep.

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39. The man and the woman are coming here.

40. I saw many sheep in5 your country.

41. My father and mother have come.

42. Our master's son was weeping.

43. Run here quickly.

44. Your hands are very small.

45. This game is very difficult.

46. That king rules the country very badly.

47. Those boys have touched my books.

48. The woman has been drinking wine.

49. Yesterday I saw the same dog.

50. To-morrow you shall not play.

51. I have not seen your father to-day.

52. The shepherd will not shear the sheep.

53. My father was advising the soldiers.

54. The boys will hear the master's voice.

55. This war will be very long.

56. They have dug a very deep ditch.

57. Those sheep were either white or black.

58. This work is both long and difficult.
09. I have seen better boys.

60. Write a very long letter to your father.

61. The boy was writing a short letter.

62. You are playing a very pleasant game.

63. We will run long races.

64. My brother and I are weeping.

65. I have not seen the black sailors.

66. Our darts are very sharp.

67. I have not told6 you my name.

68. The mad bulls will hurt you.

69. Let us7 dig a very wide ditch.

70. Idle boys will not play.

14

71. These laws are very useful.

72. My son's letters are very short.

73. There8 are many lions in that country.

74. I have never seen more idle boys.

75. I have often heard your voice.

76. My brother and I do not love that master.

77. The shepherd's feet are very large.

78. The king himself9 has sent us a book.

79. You yourself9 are ruling this country.

NOTES

(1) Come, Imperative Mood, 2nd Person Singular, as the

2nd Person is spoken to.

My friend is the Vocative. Remember that the
Vocative Masculine Singular of meus and filius is
irregular.

Here, when it means 'to this place,' is hue ; when it
means ' in this place,' it is hie.

(2) Verbs of giving take the Dative of the person, and

the Accusative of the thing.

(3) You and your must always be translated into Latin

by tu and tuus unless more persons than one are
spoken to, when you must use vos and vester.

Be careful to make the Verbs agree with whatever
Pronoun you use.

(4) The Adjective utilis governs the Dative Case.

(5) The Prepositions in and sub are used with two Cases,

either Accusative or Ablative.

15
Accusative of motion into, or under, as : —

puer in aquam saluit,

the boy jumped into the water.

Ablative of rest in, or under, as : —

puer sub arbore jacuit.

the boy lay under the tree.

(6) Verbs of telling govern the Dative of the person, and

the Accusative of the thing.

(7) Let us dig, Present Conjunctive.

(8) What is the Subject? You cannot translate 'there'

into Latin.

(9) Ipse means self, not himself.

16

EXERCISE II.

SYNTAX NOTES.

I. In the Passive as in the Active Voice, remember that
the same tense may have different renderings ; for instance

The Present Indicative, amatur^ may mean ' he is being
loved,' or * he is loved.'

The Imperfect amabatur may mean * he was being
loved,' or * he used to be loved.'

The Perfect, amatus est, may mean * he was loved,' or
'he has been loved.'

II. In the Compound Tenses, that is, those formed by
means of the Perfect Participle Passive, be careful to make
the Participle (which is an Adjective) agree with the Subject
in Gender and Number. Of course, it must always be in
the Nominative Case.

III. Deponent Verbs are those which are Passive in form
and Active in meaning : they are called Deponent, from
depono (I lay aside), because they lay aside their Active form.

They may be either Transitive or Intransitive. If Transitive,
of course they govern a Case (generally the Accusative),, like
ordinary Active Verbs.

17

N.B.— The Present Participle, the Future Participle, and
the Future Infinitive of Deponent Verbs are Active
in form, as : sequens, following ; secuturus, about to
follow ; secuturus esse} to be about to follow.

The Perfect Participle is Passive in form, and Active in
meaning, as : secutus, having followed.

1. The dogs are following the sheep.

2. You are imitating your master.

3. The king was exhorting the soldiers.

4. The sun will rise to-morrow.

5. My brother and I fear the bulls.1

6. We have suffered many-things.2

7. You always delay.

8. Having 3 exhorted the soldiers, the king will hunt.

9. This boy was born foolish.

10. Having suffered many things, we came to4 the king

11. The enemy have divided the country.

12. You shall accompany your father.

13. Follow5 the dog.

14. O boys, imitate your father.

15. A fierce lion was following our sheep.

16. My brother was born yesterday.

17. We will not hunt the sheep.

18. My brother and I will follow the soldier.

19. These bulls always follow my sheep.

20. My father and I spoke7 to the king.

21. The enemy will be conquered to-morrow by6 our

soldiers.

22. This ditch has been dug by the boys.

4

18

23. A book has been given7 to me by my father.

24. The door will be opened.

25. Many letters have been written by my son.

26. The sheep were being shorn by the shepherd.

27. This sharp dart was thrown by the soldier.

28. Much wine will be drunk by the soldiers.

29. My head was hurt by the master.

30. This pleasant game will be played by many boys.

31. Our soldiers will not be conquered by the enemy.

32. My brother and I have come into this ship.

33. The old man was giving7 poison to the soldier.

34. Very many ships will come here to-morrow.

35. You are running very quickly.

36. My books have been touched by you.

37. A very short letter was written to8 you by me,

38. My son has been hurt by the dog.

39. My -father always accompanies the judges.

40. You boys shall not play here to-morrow.

NOTES.

(1) In sentences where in English we always put the First

Person last, it is put first in Latin. So, ' My father
and I,' is in Latin, ' Ego et pater meus"

(2) Many things is Neuter Plural of multus. So, ' many

men ' is Masculine Plural.

(3) Having exhorted : remember that this is a Participle.

(4) To the King; to is a Preposition, ad, with the

Accusative Case. Motion to is always put in the
Accusative Case.

19

(5) Follow is the Imperative Mood ; 2nd Person, of

course, as the 2nd Person is spoken to.

(6) By our soldiers : use the Preposition a or ab with the

Ablative Case when anything is done by a living
person or thing : this is called the Ablative of the
Agent.

(7) Verbs of speaking to, and giving, govern the Dative

of the person, and the Accusative of the thing. In

Sentence 20, there is no thing expressed. In

Sentence 23, the Verb is Passive, so there is no
Accusative of the thing.

(8) To write to a person is scribere ad, with the Accusative.

20

EXERCISE III.

SYNTAX NOTES.

3rd Concord. A Substantive must agree in Case with
that to which it is in apposition.

Apposition means ' placed beside ' (from appono\ therefore
one Substantive placed beside another Substantive, in order to
make its meaning clearer, must agree with it in Case. It
may agree with it in Gender or Number, but that will be by
accident, not by rule, as: —

Victoriam, Britannia reginam, omnes amant.

All people love Victoria, the Queen of Britain.

Be careful, in such sentences as this, to notice that the words
4 when' and 'as' are not to be translated into Latin, — they
merely show that the second Substantive is in apposition to
the first

Dux, puer, erat fortis.

The General, when a boy, was brave.

So with a Copulative Verb we have the complement in
Apposition, as : —

Puer fiet senex.

The boy will become an old man.

21

1. This boy seems to me to be very clever.

2. In vain did I call these dogs.

3. They did not hear my voice.

4. We boys have not been working.

5. My brother and I were sitting under the trees in the

garden.

6. I saw a little boy falling1 into the water.

7. You and your brother jumped into the water from

the boat.

1 8. Alas ! cried the old woman.
9. The baby was born lame.

10. We all admire the brave general.

11. This robber, the terror of the country, frightens

everybody.

12. My brother and I have often caught these birds.

13. You and your brother are both2 very idle.

14. Both2 my friend and I became very ill.

15. I am calling you, but you seem to me to be deaf.

16. A burnt3 child fears the fire.

17. This boy seems to be not only idle, but also foolish.

18. That old woman thinks you boys the cause of her

misfortunes.

19. You and I will go home to-morrow.

20. Riches and glory have not been given to all men.

21. Take this book into your hands, my friend.

22. Sit down on this stone.

23. This little boy (when) about to be beaten, howls.

24. Here come my friends.

25. Stay here where I have placed you.

26. A flea is not a useful animal.

27. Some fleas are very clever.

28. I once saw two fleas drawing1 a cart.

22

29. You boys are not working well.

30. I cannot call you boys clever.

31. Let us all go into the water.

32. There are a great many frogs in that marsh.

33. Imitate your brother.

34. There are no wild beasts in this wood.

35. ' Father,' said the boy, ' come to me quickly.'

36. I saw a large snake crawling1 under the table.
37 Come to me, my friends, said the old man.

38. War is the cause of many evils.

39. This work seems difficult, but it is very easy,

40. The spring of this year has not been cold.

NOTES.

(1) Falling, the Present Participle must be used here,

agreeing with the Substantive.

(2) Both. Notice that both the Adjective is amboy

both . . . . and the Conjunction is et . . . . et.

(3) Burnt, Perfect Passive Participle of I burn.

23

EXERCISE IV.

SYNTAX NOTES.

4th Concord. The Relative Pronoun, qui, qua, quod,
agrees with its antecedent (that is, the word going
before it, to which it refers) in Gender and Number ;
but its Case is settled by its own clause.

We now have to do with a Compound Sentence, that is,
two or more Simple Sentences joined together. A Simple
Sentence, when it is used to form part of a Compound
Sentence, is called a Clause.

In a Compound Sentence, one clause is called the Main
Clause, or Principal Sentence; the other clauses are either
Co-ordinate or Subordinate.

A Co-ordinate Clause is one which does not depend in
construction upon the Main Clause, but is of equal rank with
it (cum-ordo). Co-ordinate clauses are joined to the Main
Clause by means of the Conjunctions, et, vel, enim, autem, sed,
nee, neque, itaque, igitur, etc.

A Subordinate Clause is one which depends in con-
struction upon the Main Clause. Subordinate Clauses are of
three kinds : Substantival, Adverbial, and Adjectival.
This explanation is necessary, because all Clauses introduced
by the Relative Pronouns qui, qua, quod, and similar words
beginning with qu, such as quantus, qualis, quot, are Adjectival

24

Clauses, so called because they qualify the Antecedent like
an Adjective ; and if you wish to qualify or describe more
clearly what you refer to, you very often have to use a Relative
Clause, because there is no one Adjective which can
express your meaning ; for instance, if you tell anyone to bring
you a certain book, and that book is in the next room, you
cannot say ' Bring me the in-the-next-room book ; ' but you
say, ' Bring me the book which is in the next room.'

In the following Exercise, in order to make it easier, every
Relative Clause has been put inside a bracket.

Be careful, before writing anything down, to find out, ist.
Which is the Main Clause. 2nd. Which is the Relative
Clause, and then find out what is the Subject of the Verb in
each Clause.

N.B. — Always put the relative first in its Clause, as it has the
force of a Conjunction, and so introduces the Clause.
In~order to get the Case of the Relative correct, it is a
good plan at first to put the Antecedent instead of it
(not to write down, but only to make it plain to you) ;
for example, in Sentence 1 —

The voice (which you hear) is mine.
Main Clause. The voice is mine, Vox est mea.
Relative Clause. You hear the voice, audis vocem.

Then, instead of vocem, which will show you the Case of
the Relative, write down quam. So you have the Relative
agreeing with its antecedent vox in Gender and Number,
while its Case is settled by its own Clause, and in its own
Clause it is the Accusative Case governed by the Transitive
Verb audis.

25

1. The voice (which you hear) is mine.

2. The tree (which stands in that garden) is tall.

3. My brother (whom you know) will come to-morrow.

4. I (who am speaking to you) am your friend.

5. Boys (who do not work) will not play.

6. The boy (whom we frightened) is howling.

7. The work (which you boys are imitating) is clever.

8. The robber (who was caught) used to frighten us.

9. Many boys (whom I see here) are idle.

10. That boy (who has fallen into the water) is my

brother.

11. The old man (whose1 house is-on-fire) is weeping.

12. My friend (of whom2 you were speaking) has de-

parted.

13. Those boys (whose father you know) are very clever.

14. In a certain wood (which I have seen) there are

many snakes.

15. You boys (who3 frighten old women) will be pun-

ished.

16. I admire the trees (which I saw in your garden).

17. I cannot admire you boys (who love snakes).

18. There is a tree in my garden (which never bears

fruit),

19. The fields (which we are cultivating) are fruitful.

20. These clothes (which you see) were made by the old

woman (who lives near my house).

21. The city (to which we are going) is very large.

22. Send for the shoemaker (whom I saw here yesterday).

23. The boys (to whom I gave the apples) have eaten

them.

24. I shall punish you boys (who have deceived me).

25. The picture (which you are painting) will be very

beautiful.

!26

26. The general (to whom I wrote the letter) will

save me.

27. The barbarians (by whom4 the town was destroyed)

will be put to death.

28. My dog has burst the chain (by which4 I bound

him).

29. I shall give5 back to you the books (which you

lent5 to me).

30. The wall (which we are building) will be very high.

31. The ditch (into which you jumped) was muddy.

32. The wound (which you have received) is not dan-

gerous.

33. The dog (by which I was bitten) was mad.

34. The boy (whose leg was broken) will always be

lame.

35. My friend and I (to whom you sent those flowers)

have received them.

36. We" boys (who are learning these things) shall be

learned some day.

37. This work (which you see) is very useful.

38. You boys (whom I am teaching) are not clever.

39. There are many-things (which you boys cannot

understand).

40. The old man (of whom we were speaking) is dead.

NOTES.

(1) Whose is always the Genitive Case,

(2) To speak of a person, is de with the Ablative Case.

(3) You boys who : consider you as the Antecedent, and

remember that it is Plural.

27

By whom is the Ablative of the Agent, with the Pre-
position a or ab.

By which is the Ablative of the Instrument, which is
used without a Preposition.

Reddo (I give back), and commodo (I lend), take a Dative
of the person, and an Accusative of the thing.

28

EXERCISE V.

SYNTAX NOTES.

I. All other relative words — words beginning with qu — such
as quantus, qualis, quot, follow the same rule as the Relative
Pronoun qui.

These three words, quantus, qualis, quot, have each a corre-
sponding Demonstrative beginning with /, tantus, talis, tot.
In the same way, the Demonstrative of qui is often is, or ilk,.
and c the same .... as ' is idem .... qui.

So As great as, tantus quantus.
Of such a sort as, talis qualis.
As many as, tot quot.

The Demonstrative always belongs to the Main Clause,
and the Relative Word answering to it introduces the
Relative Clause. So in Sentence 26,

My dog is such as you do not often see.
Main Clause. My dog is such, Cants meus est talis.

Relative Clause. As you do not often see, quahm non
s&pe vides.

II. Certain classes of Verbs govern two Accusatives.

i. Verbs of asking and teaching take two Accusatives,,
one of the person, the other of the thing.

29

These Verbs need care, because the English Prepositions
are often misleading, and must not be attended to in
translating into Latin ; for instance, we say, * I beg
this favour of you,' but in Latin the words favour
and you must both be put in the Accusative, no
notice being taken of the word of.

The word celo, I conceal, has the same construction ; thus
I conceal this from you, would be in Latin, Celo
hoc te.

When Verbs of asking and teaching are used in the
Passive Voice, the Accusative of the thing
remains.

Thus : I was taught this language by you.
Doctus sum hanc linguam a te.

2. Verbs of making, calling, and thinking, take two
Accusatives ; one of the Object, the other of the
Complement ; as : —

I call you wise.
Voco te sapientem.

These Verbs are called Factitive Verbs, from fatio, I
make.

The Passives of all Factitive Verbs are Copulative, and
therefore take no case, but have a Complement
agreeing with the Subject, as : —

You are called clever by me.
(Tu) vocaris doc fits a me.

III. Verbs of giving, telling, answering, promising,
take a Dative of the person, and an Accusative of the thing,
as : —

Tell me your name.

Die mihi nomen tuum.

30

1. The horse (which you see in the field) is mine.

2. The boy (to whom I gave a book) cannot read.

3. My friend (who lives in the town) is very ill.

4. The dog (by whom the boy was bitten) has been

killed.

5. There sits the boy (who cannot read).

6. I shall punish all you boys (who bite your fingers).

7. You boys (who cannot swim) will be drowned.

8. Who1 asked me for apples?

9. What1 boy asked me for this book ?

10. I cannot call you all learned, but you will become

learned by2 working very diligently.

11. The boy who could not read was not thought wise.

12. You boys who have asked me for books will soon

learn.

13. By whom were you taught this language ?

14. The soldiers will not choose this man as3 their

leader.

15. The ambassadors begged for peace from the king.

16. This favour which I am asking of you is very great.

17. Romulus was thought to be a god by the Romans.

18. By whom were you chosen leader ?

19. The wise general concealed his plans from the

enemy.

20. My black dog is as big as a calf.

21. I have read as many books as you have given me.

22. Tell4 me the same story as you told my brother.

23. Tell me your name, little boy.

24. I have often asked you for those flowers.

25. The story which the old man told me made me very

unhappy.

26. My garden is such (as we do not often see).

31

27. The mountains in this country are not as large as

those which I saw in Italy.

28. As many men (as went to the enemy's camp) were5

seized and put to death. (Omit conjunction and
use a participle.}

29. I do not think you boys very clever who cannot

understand this.

30. Give me those flowers which I see on the table.

31. The general will restore the captured cattle to the

enemy.

32. I have sent you the flowers which you asked me for.

33. He could not answer me a word.

34. He promised me some flowers, but he has never

brought them to me.

35. These horses which you all admire are mine.

36. The barbarians (whose lands had been laid waste by

our men) besought the general for peace.

37. Most6 of us do not consider these things very

difficult.

38. My friend has sent me the books for which I asked

him.

39. The general distributed the booty (which the soldiers

had taken) to the poorest of the inhabitants.

40. Here come the brave soldiers (whom we all admire).

NOTES.

(1) Who ? is guts 9 Substantival Interrogative.
What boy ? is qui puer ? Adjectival Interrogative.

(2) By working; this is the Ablative Case of the Verb-

Noun, and is expressed by the Ablative of the Gerund.

32

(3) As their leader; as is merely a sign of Apposition, and

cannot be translated.

(4) The Imperative of dico is die, dicite^ Irregular.

{5) In English we say, * They were seized and put to
death,' using two Verbs ; in Latin, the first Verb
must be expressed by the Perfect Participle Passive,
and the Conjunction must be omitted ; so the sentence
must be changed to, « They having been seized,
were put to death.'

{6) Most of us, phrique nos.

33

EXERCISE VI.

SYNTAX NOTES.

I. Time how long (Duration of Time) is put in the
Accusative Case, without a Preposition, as : —

It rained for two hours,
Duas horas pluit.

Time when a thing happened is put in the Ablative
Case, without a Preposition, as : — •

In winter it snows,
Hieme ningit.

II. Measure of space is put in the Accusative, without a
Preposition : the words for high, wide, long, etc. — altus, latus,
longus, etc. — agreeing with the thing which is high, wide, or
long, as : — •

This ditch is two feet deep,
Hczc fossa est duos pedes alta.

III. Motion to a place is expressed by the Accusative,
and without a Preposition, unless the place is the name of a
town, domus (home), or rus (the country), as : —

The General went home and returned to the country,
Dux domum wit, et rus rediit.

He has gone to the town,
Ad oppidum ivil.

D

34

IV. Motion from a place is expressed by the Ablative,
and without a Preposition, unless the place is the name of a
town, or domus, or rus, as : —

He fled from Corinth,
Corintho fugit.

He fled from Italy,
Ex Italia Jugit.

V. Rest at a place was originally expressed by the
Locative Case, which, in the Singular, ended in /, and in the
Plural in is ; afterwards the Genitive and Ablative were used
instead.

The rule may be thus stated : —

If the name of the town be of the ist or 2nd De-
clension and Singular Number, it is put in the
Genitive. If the name of the town be of the
3rd Declension or Plural Number, it is put in
the Ablative, as : —

He remained at Rome,
Romce mansit.

He remained at Athens,
Athenis mansit.

The old Locative ending remains in the words humi (on the
ground), domi (at home), ruri (in the country), militia
(originally militiai) belli, at the wars.

1. My servant set out for London two hours ago.

2. I will go into the country next summer.

35

3. You and your father were staying at Rome for two

months.

4. The old man and his wife have gone to Italy.

5. The old general was found at Carthage sitting among

the ruins.
C. For two hours I have been seeking for you.

7. In spring we find many flowers.

8. My friend jumped over a ditch six feet wide.

9. The walls of that city were fifty feet high.

10. He set out from Carthage on the fifth day, and re-

turned to Athens.

11. We will all go home to-day.

12. Yesterday my brother arrived from India.

13. He has now gone to Italy, where he will remain for

two months.

14. I have sent for my servant, but he has gone home.

15. In the country we have many dogs.

16. He arrived from Rome yesterday, and is now staying

at Athens.

17. Let1 us all go to Africa next winter.

18. The spears of the barbarians were six feet long.

19. Caesar was distant from the city seven miles.

20. The storm raged for two hours.

21. To-morrow I shall return into the country.

22. In winter we cannot bathe.

23. On the following day Hannibal set out from Capua.

24. The general crossed the river at early dawn.

25. A boy who sits on the ground in winter is very

foolish.

26. Alexander died at Babylon.

27. Caesar was killed at Rome.

28. The general led his army from Rome to Capua.

36

29. Csesar marched into Gaul from Arminium on the

third day.

30. The general having2 set out from Carthage attacked

the enemy.

31. My friend has fled from home, and gone to Italy.

32. Hannibal's bravery was known at home and at the

wars.

33. Hannibal's army routed the Romans at Cannae.

34. My father, when a3 boy, used to live at Miletus.

35. In summer the Nile overflows its banks.

NOTES.

(1) Let us go, Present Conjunctive.

(2) Having set out, Perfect Participle of proficiscor,

agreeing with the Subject.

(3) When a boy. When is only a sign of Apposition.

37

EXERCISE VIL

SYNTAX NOTES.
The Accusative is the Case of the Nearer Object.

The Dative is the Case of the Remoter Object, and that
is, the Object for the sake of which anything exists or is done.

The Dative is used with many Verbs, Adjectives, and
Adverbs, with the following meanings and their contraries : —

1. NEARNESS and REMOTENESS, as :—

similis, like, par, equal to. absum, I am distant from.
aptus, fit for. confero, I compare.

2. TELLING and CONCEALING, as :—

narro, I relate. monstro, I show. nuntio, I announce,
persuadeo, I persuade. indico (bellum), I declare (war).

3. PLEASING and DISPLEASING, as :—

fido, I trust. placeOy I please. utilis, useful.

credo, I believe. displiceo, I displease. aptus, fit for.
noceo, I injure. invideo, I envy. irascor, I am angry

with.
prosum} I benefit, idoneus, serviceable to. licet, it is lawful to.

38

4. COMMAND and OBEDIENCE, as :—
imptrO) I command. sen'io, I serve, I am a slave to

pareo,
obedio,

°: \ I obey.
iff, }

1. I never pardon boys who are idle.

2. You boys who have not obeyed me, will be punished.

3. This language which you are now learning, will

some day be very useful to you.

4. Most beggars envy kings.

5. You boys who do not work will displease your parents.

6. The king was unwilling to spare the captives.

7. These things are not pleasing to me, your master.

8. These things used to please my father when a boy.

9. In-his-old-age everything seemed to please the king.

10. In-his-lifetime1 the citizens did not admire the

consul, but when^dead they regretted him.

11. Stay at home, my friends, said the old man.

12. This boy is very like his father.

13. Let us compare this boy with2 that.

14. I am unwilling to trust that messenger again.

15. I have promised you many gifts.

16. The master is angry with us all.

17. I shall not be able to persuade you.

18. My friend is-a-slave-to his wife.

19. You are not fit for this office.

20. I have related many sad3 stories to you to-day.'

21. The enemy have declared war against us.

22. This is not lawful for you boys.

39

23. Let us succour that dog.

24. This consul has greatly benefited our city.

25. We will deliver the traitor to the enemy.

26. This dog will not hurt you.

27. Those who obey me I will praise.

28. These animals have injured my garden.

29. The messenger who arrived from Rome announced

the death of Caesar to the general.

30. This weather will benefit the farmers.

NOTES.

(1) In his lifetime, when dead : be careful to think

what these Adjectives agree with.

(2) With. Mind the Case.

(3) Many sad stories. In Latin there cannot be two

Adjectives together in this way without a Con-
junction.

40

EXERCISE VIII.

SYNTAX NOTES.

I. Words which carry their meaning over to a Remoter
Object are called Trajective.

Among Trajective words are many Verbs compounded with
Particles, as : —

bene, male, satis, re,

ad, ante, con, in, inter, de,

ob, sub, super, post and prcz,

the reason being that the Particles give to the Verbs one of
the meanings contained in the four classes given in Exercise
VII., as:—

satis/ado, I satisfy.

suppono, I place under.

II. Another use of the Dative is the Dative of Advan-
tage, or Disadvantage, as : —

Numa virgtnes Vesta legit,
Numa chose virgins for Vesta.

Est and sunt, with a Dative, imply possession, and this
Dative may be placed under the head of the Dative of
Advantage, as : —

Est mihi domus,

I have a house.

41

III. A Dative of the Purpose is used as a complement,
and sometimes another Dative, the Dative of the Recipient
is added, as : —

Exitio est avidum mare nautis^

The greedy sea is a destruction to sailors.

Librum tibi dono dedi,

I gave you a book as a present

1. You boys do not satisfy me, your master.

2. The robbers placed their money under a rock.

3. I always have preferred summer to winter.

4. The Romans often waged war against the Gauls.

5. A broad stream lay between our soldiers and the

enemy.

6. The general exposed himself to great dangers for

the sake of his country.

7. I have little1 leisure for reading.

8. Strive to be rich, not for yourself, but for your

descendants.

9. This work is useful for you all.

10. My sister has married my friend, the general.

11. I have many horses in the country.

12. This boy is a warning to all idle boys.

13. Caesar sent cavalry as a help to the citizens.

14. I have given my friend two horses as a present.

15. That battle was a disgrace to our soldiers.

16. The general left a thousand soldiers as a guard for

the camp.

17. I have chosen servants for my friend.

42

18. The citizens were unwilling to confer so great an

honour on the general.

19. I have bought many presents for my children.

20. Caesar himself led the tenth legion as a reinforce-

ment to the besieged2 citizens.

NOTES.

(1) To have little leisure, parum vacare.

(2) Besieged, Perfect Participle of obsidco.

43

EXERCISE IX.

SYNTAX NOTES.

Direct Questions are expressed in Latin by the use of
some Interrogative Word with the Indicative Mood.

1. If the answer 'Yes' is expected, as in the question,

' You are not afraid, are you ? ' the interrogative
word is nonne, which is put first in the sentence, —
the words t not ' and ' are you ? ' not being trans-
lated into Latin, thus ' nonne times ? '

If the answer ' No ' is expected, use num in the same way

If the answer may be ' yes ' or ' no,' put -neat the end of
the first word in the sentence.

2. Double Questions are expressed by utrum, num, or

«£, followed by an^ as Num duos fratres habes, an
nullos ? Have you two brothers, or none ?

3. Direct Prohibition is expressed in Latin by -ne, which

stands first in the sentence (and which must be dis-
tinguished from the enclitic -ne interrogative), followed
by the 2nd Person Singular or Plural of the Perfect
Conjunctive, as : — Ne hocfeceris, Do not do this.

44

THE ABLATIVE CASE.

We have already considered the Ablative of Time and
the Ablative of Place.

An Ablative of Matter follows the Verbs fungor (I per-
form), fruor (I enjoy), utor (I use), vescor (I feed upon), dignor
(I deem worthy), potior (I gain possession of).

It is also used with Verbs of consisting of, and living on,
as : — cibus eorum carne constat, their food consists of flesh ;
lade vivunt) they live on milk.

The following Adjectives take an Ablative of Matter,

dignus (worthy), indignus (unworthy), prteditus (endued with),
fretus (relying on), contentus (content with), and also the
Substantives, opus (need), usus (use).

The Ablative of Comparison.

There are two ways of expressing comparisons in Latin :

1. Put the second of the two things compared in the

Ablative Case, omitting the word than.

2. Express the word 'than7 by quam, and put the two

Substantives which are compared in the same case,
as : — ' The mother is more beautiful than the
daughter,' may be expressed by : —

Mater est pukhrior filia.
or, Mater est pukhrior quam filia.

1. Have you seen the dog which my brother has

bought ?

2. Do not sit on the ground, my friends.

45

3. You are not afraid of wasps, are you ?

4. Do not irritate wasps, said the wise man.

5. You all understand this, don't you ?

6. What1 sort of horses have you bought ?

7. How big does the moon seem to you to be ?

8. The moon seems to me as big as that shield which

I see on the wall.

9. Have you ever read the works of that great poet?

10. Do not stay here ; go home as quickly2 as possible.

11. When3 will the sun set to-day?

12. How often have you stayed at Athens ?

13. I was not able to go home last night.

14. You will all return to Rome in a few days.

15. You are not unwilling to sing this song, are you ?

16. Remember the things which I have told you, my

friends.

17. My garden is more beautiful than yours.

18. I wish to enjoy the fruits of my garden as soon as

possible.

19. My friend has given me a dog larger than a calf.

20. He died on the fourth day, having performed the

duties of a good citizen.

21. Do not use your books so carelessly.

22. Boys always prefer to feed on the most unwhole-

some food.

23. How many books have you read ?

24. Do you remember everything4 which you have

heard ?

25. The boy who remained in the water so long every-

day became deaf.

26. The old man is content with his own lot, and does

not envy others.

4G

27. Where5 are you going to? enquired the old man.

28. Why have our men laid waste all the enemy's

country ?

29. The inhabitants of that city are braver than our

soldiers.

30. The general wished to spare the conquered citizens,

but the soldiers were unwilling to obey his
orders.

31. I consider this boy worthy of the highest praise.

32. You boys are unworthy of the least praise.

33. My brother and I (having enjoyed the fruit of that

garden), returned home.

34. Here comes my friend, whom I have not seen for

many years.

35. Do not gather the flowers which you see in that

field.

36. Many boys, whose names I cannot remember, have

* gone into that wood.

37. I asked my friend for many things which he was

unwilling to give me.

38. Many boys are not content with the food which is

given them.

39. We have chosen as general a man worthy of the

highest praise.

40. Our soldiers were unwilling to spare the captives.

N.B.—If thought desirable, Exercises XV,, XVII., XVIII.,
., XX. , might be taken next.

47

NOTES.

(1) What sort of horses ? qualis is declined like tristis.

Mind the Case, and remember that when you have
an Interrogative word like qualis, quantus^ cur, etc.,
you do not want ne, num, or nonne as well.

(2) As .... as possible is expressed by quam, with

Superlative of the Adverb or Adjective.

(3) When, Interrogative, is quando, not quum*

(4) Everything, omnia^ Neuter Plural.

(5) Where ... to ? quo 1

EXERCISE X.

SYNTAX NOTES.

1. The Ablative of the Agent (a living person or thing)

always takes the Preposition a or ab.

2. The Ablative of the Instrument is used without a

Preposition.

3. The Ablative of Cause is used generally without a

Preposition, as : — oderunt peccare boni mrtutis amore,
"the good hate to sin from love of virtue.

4. The Ablative of Manner has the Preposition cum if no

Epithet is used ; if an Epithet is used, the Preposition
is omitted as: — Cum diligent id scribit^ he writes with
diligence.

Summa diligentia scribit^ he writes with the greatest
diligence.

The following Ablatives are exceptions, being always used
adverbially without cum :—fraude, by fraud ; w\ by force ;
injurid, wrongly ; jure, rightly ; naturd, naturally ; ordine, in
due course.

5. The Ablative of Condition is used without a Preposition,

as : — -pace fud, with your leave.

49

6 The Ablative of Quality is always used with an epithet,
as : — senex promissa barbd, an old man with a long
beard.

7. The Ablative of Respect, e.g., angor animo> I am dis-

tressed in mind. Ennius ingenio maximus, Ennius
mighty in genius.

8. The Ablative of Price is used with Verbs and Adjectives,

as : — quod non opus est, asse carum est, what is not
needful, is dear at a penny.

Observe the following Adjectives which are used agreeing
with pretio understood ; vili, parvo, cheap ; minima, very
cheap ; magno, dear > nimio, too dear.

9. The Ablative of Measure is generally used with Com-

paratives and Superlatives, as : — sol multis partibus
major est quam luna, the sun is many times larger than
the moon.

Observe the following : — dimidio major ; greater by half;
multO) by far ; quo plus habcnt^ eo plus cupiunt^ the more they
have, the more they want. (///. ' by how much ' . . . ' by so
much.')

10. Most Verbs of wanting and abounding, enriching

or depriving, take an Ablative, some take a Genitive,
as : — cibo caremus, we are destitute of food ; dives auri,
rich in gold.

11. The Ablative of separation and origin is used with

Verbs and Participles without a Preposition, as : — domo
discedam, I will depart from home ; Pelope natus, born
from Pelops.

50

1. These men were killed by the soldiers, those perished

from hunger.

2. This general is very brave in war.

3. Do not kill those birds with stones.

4. That boy only works from fear of punishment.

5. Was that bird wounded by a stone, or did it die

from disease?

6. My brother was wounded by a nail in his foot.

7. At what price did you buy those dogs ?

8. At daybreak Caesar set out with his whole army.

9. Two years ago we stayed at Athens for six months.

10. The enemy's fleet was destroyed by a storm near the

coast of Italy.

11. Our country will be laid waste by the enemy with

fire and sword.

12. By whom were you asked for these books ?

13. The light of the sun is greater than that of the

moon.

14. What is sweeter than honey?

15. Do not give more food to that boy than to this.

16. The enemy have pitched their camp on the top of1

the mountain.

17. Gold is more valuable than silver.

18. Do you value your dog at a great price ?

19. The house fell with a very great crash.

20. Your brother is older than my friend.

21. My friend's brother was killed by the bite of a snake.

22. I have bought a pig for two minae.

23. The celebrated2 Alexander shed tears on the body

of king Darius who was killed in battle.

24. I saw an old man with a long beard and white hair.

25. The cat was tied with a rope by the cruel boy.

51

26. The soldiers fought with the greatest bravery.

27. My friend has been unjustly accused.

28. That boy is lame in one3 foot.

29. These pigs were bought at a very low price.

30. The older you are, the more foolish you become.

NOTES.

(1) The top of, summus; the bottom of, imus.

(2) The celebrated Alexander, Alexander Hie.

(3) One (of two) alter*

52

EXERCISE XI.

SYNTAX NOTES.

The Genitive Case is either Subjective or Objective,

thus : — regts mandato^ by the command of the king, is equiva-
lent to rex mandavit (Subjective) ; amor laudis, love of praise,
is equivalent to amare laudem (Objective).

A. SUBJECTIVE.

1. Genitive of the Author and Possessor, as : —

Casaris exerritus, the army of Caesar.

This Genitive is often used with the omission of a Sub-
stantive, which can be easily understood, as : — ivimus ad Vestcz,
we went to Vesta's (temple) ; Tullia Ciceronis, Tullia, the
daughter of Cicero.

2. Phrases such as 'it is part of/ < it is the duty of

etc., are expressed by est, with the Genitive, the
words for 'part,' 'duty,' etc., not being translated, as
est sapientis laborare, it is the mark of a wise man
to work.

3. The Genitive of quality is used with an epithet, as :

—pner ingenui vultus, a boy of high-bred coun-
tenance.

53

4. The Elliptic Genitive of Price is used for the
Ablative of Price when no definite price is mentioned,
as : — parvi, of little value ; mmorts, of less value ;
pluris, of more value ; tanti . . . quanti, at such a
price as, etc., agreeing with/;?//'*, understood.

B. OBJECTIVE.

1. An Objective Genitive follows Substantives, Adjectives,

and Participles which have a Transitive force with
such meanings as the following ; peritus (skilled in) ;
imperitus (unskilled in) ; avidus (greedy) ; cupidus
(desirous) ; ignarus (ignorant) ; gnarus (aware).

2. Verbs and Adjectives, meaning power and incapa-

bility; guilt and innocence; accusing, con-
demning, and acquitting remembering and
forgetting, take a Genitive, as : — potior (I gain
possession of) ; condemno (I condemn) ; accuso (I
accuse) ; absolvo (I acquit) ; memini (I remember) ;
obliviscor (I forget). [The last two may also be used
with the Accusative.] Insons (innocent); reus (ac-
cused of) ; memor (mindful) ; immemor (unmindful).

3. The following Impersonal Verbs take a Genitive with an

Accusative : — piget (it irks) ; pudet (it shames) ;
pcenitet (it repents) ; tadet (it disgusts) ; miseret (it
pities) ; as : — miseret me tui, I pity you (lit. it pities
me of you).

4. misereor (I pity), takes a Genitive ; miseror (I pity); an

Accusative.

1. We do not value your work highly.

2. It is the nature of all boys to kill wasps.

54

3. It is the duty of boys to respect old men.

4. The rabbit is said to be the wisest of all animals.

5. Do not accuse this boy of stealing.

6. Catiline was accused of many crimes by Cicero.

7. This boy always seems to me to be desirous of money.

8. Are you skilled in this language?

9. The slave who murdered his master was condemned

to death.1

10. I shall always be mindful of your kindness to my

brother.

11. I always repent of my kindness to those men.

12. I am disgusted with the idleness of these boys.

13. The old man was acquitted of the theft.

14. I always forget your friend's name.

15. I pity the gnorance of these boys.

16. The consul came to the temple of Jupiter,

17. Atjwhat price did you buy those dogs ?

18. I bought them for sixty pence.

19. This general is greedy of power.

20. Are you not ashamed of your idleness ?

21. Those men will be accused of theft by my friend.

22. My brother is innocent of that crime.

23. The robbers were acquitted of theft by the judge.

24. Agesilaus, when eighty years2 old, went into Egypt.
. 25. Arms abroad are of less value than counsel at home.

NOTES.

(1) To condemn to death, condemnare capitis (lit. of

his head).

(2) Eighty years old, say ' an old man of eighty years.'

55

EXERCISE XII.

RECAPITIJLA TOR Y.

1. The general led his army to Rome.

2. The inhabitants have fled from Athens.

3. My friend and I will set out for Italy to-morrow.

4. You boys will stay at home for two months.

5. My father and I are going into the country.

6. We shall stay at Rome for eight years.

7. Three years ago a great general died here.

8. The old man trembles in his1 legs.

9. I shall set out from Pontus to-morrow.

10. He went to his country-house at Faesulae.

11. The soldier's spear is twelve feet long.

12. The enemy's spears are twelve feet long.

13. This war will be a destruction to our country.

14. Let us compare our soldiers with the Germans.

15. My book does not differ from yours.

16. My sister has wedded my friend.

17. My friend has married your sister.

18. What is my2 Caius doing?

19. This boy obeys me from fear of punishment.

20. Those barbarians will defend themselves with stones.

21. With your leave I will send you a letter.

22. The enemy have laid waste the country with fire

and sword.

23. I saw an old man at Rome yesterday with white hair.

56

24. This ditch which you have dug is twelve feet wide.

25. In spring the fields are green.

26. Our soldiers are braver than the Gauls.

27. Pompey's house was destroyed by the enemy.

28. It is the-duty-of a young man to reverence old men.

29. The Gauls besieged the city for many months.

30. These books are worth very little.

31. This letter concerns3 you greatly.

32. It is of great importance3 to me that you should be

in-good-health.

33. I have lost eighteen of my sheep.

34. I will sell you this dog at -the -same -price as I

bought it.

35. I am not skilled in the German language.

36. The soldiers set out with the utmost readiness.

37. That boy does not work with readiness.

38. My friend was killed by the enemy, not by poison.

39. I shall go home next spring.

40. He fled from Rome to Athens, where he remained

for twenty-eight years.

NOTES.

(1) In his legs, Accusative of respect — a Greek con-

struction.

(2) My Caius, Ethic Dative, a peculiar use of the Dative

of the Pronoun, mi7it\ meaning ' in whom I am
interested.'

(3) Refert, it concerns ( take either a Genitive of the

J Personal Pronoun, or an Ablative
Interest, it is of j of the possessive Pronoun agree-
importance to [ ing with re understood.

57

EXERCISE XIII.

SYNTAX NOTES.

The Infinitive is considered as a Substantive of the Neuter
Gender : — it is called the Verb-Noun Infinitive, and is declined
by means of the Gerunds and Supines which supply cases to
it, thus : — canere, singing, is declined.

N. canere, as : — canere est utile, singing is useful.

Ace. canere, as : — canere amamus, we love singing.

canendum, as : — ad bene canendum, for singing well
[used with Prepositions].

cantum, as : — domum iverunt cantum, they went home
to sing [used after Verbs of Motion to express the
purpose of the motion].

G. canendi, as -—fieritus canendi, skilled in singing, [used
after Adjectives governing a Genitive].

D. canendo, as : — canendo utilis, useful for singing.

Abl. canendo, as : — de canendo loquitur, he talks about
singing [used with or without Preposition].

cantu, as : — horribile cantu, horrible to be sung [used
after indeclinable and neuter words].

The Gerundive is a Passive Participle expressing necessity,

58

and is followed by a Dative of the Agent. In this it
differs from the Perfect Participle Passive, which is followed
by an Ablative of the Agent.

1. If the Verb is Transitive, the Gerundive agrees with

the Subject in Gender, Number, and Case ; so in a
sentence like I must teach this boy, the sentence
must first be expressed in the Passive Voice, thus : —
This boy must be taught by me. This will be
in Latin, Hie puer mihi docendus est.

2. If the Verb is Intransitive, or if it governs any other

case besides an Accusative, the Gerundive is used
impersonally, as : — we must go, eundum est
nobis ; we must play, ludendum est nobis (lit. ' it
must be played by us').

If the Verb governs a Dative, the Ablative of the Agent is
used instead of the Dative, to avoid confusion, as : — I must
spare the boy, puero parcendum est a me.

The Gerundives of fruor, utor, fungor, potior, are used like
those of ordinary Transitive Verbs.

Gerundial Attraction occurs in the case of the Gerunds
of Transitive Verbs ; the Object agrees in Case with the
Gerund, and the Gerund agrees in Number and Gender
with the Object, as :—

Brutus was killed in freeing his country,
Brutus in patria liberanda interfectus est,

where in liberanda patria is put for in liberando patriam^ which
would be the natural construction.

59

1. The art of swimming is easily learnt by boys.

2. This boy is always desirous of pleasing his masters.

3. Swimming, which you boys are now learning, will

some day be very useful to you.

4. The cunning rabbit was skilled in deceiving the other

animals.

5. The tortoise conquered the rabbit in running.

6. The fox was desirous of killing the rabbit.

7. These boys do not pay attention to washing them-

selves.

8. I dreamt a dream1 which is terrible to relate.

9. I saw all the boys quarrelling about2 playing.

10. There is need of practice for playing this game well.

11. The soldiers have gone to the river to fetch-water.3

12. Our men greatly excel those barbarians in fighting.

13. This work is not difficult to be done.

14. For swimming well great care is necessary.

15. This weapon is very useful for fighting.

16. The greedy wolf was desirous of eating the rabbit's

children.

17. The bear was appointed for deciding the strife

between the animals.

18. Idle boys must always be punished.

19. The general is preparing everything for waging war

next spring.

20. We must praise the boy who has worked most

diligently.

21. We must not spare an idle boy.

22. It is not the-mark-of a wise general to spare4 traitors.

23. Must we not all rejoice to-day ?

24. The wisdom of that general is to be admired by all.

25. You boys must wash your hands.

26. The work of digging the cave is pleasant to the boys.

60

27. You must not kill those birds.

28. We must not spare the thieves who took the rabbits.

29. The fox was caught in eating the rabbit's food.

30. Crying is not fitting for boys.

31. You must not bathe soon after dinner.

32. I am always desirous of hearing that song.

33. This weather is favourable for sowing seeds.

34. The general sent his men to burn5 the enemy's city.

35. Are you desirous of learning this language ?

36. The boy has gone into the field to5 gather flowers.

37. Boys must not gnaw their nails.

38. We must send-for the soldiers to5 protect our house,

39. The wolf prepared a plan to5 deceive the rabbit.

40. You must not lie down on the damp grass.

NOTES.

(1) I dreamt a dream, Cognate Accusative, or Accusative

of kindred meaning. Intransitive Verbs may take
an Accusative when the Substantive and the Verb
contain the same idea, as 'to live a life;' 'to run
a race,' etc.

(2) About, de.

(3) The Supine in um is used after Verbs of Motion, to

express the purpose of the motion, especially in the
case of military expressions, as aqvatum (to fetch
water), from aquor ; pabulatum (to forage), from
pabulor.

(4) To spare, the Verb-Noun is the subject of est.

(5) Express the purpose by ad with the Accusative of the

Gerund.

61

EXERCISE XIV.

RECAPITULA TOR Y.

1. This blind man appears to me deceitful.

2. My brother and I have been climbing a steep moun-

tain.

3. This season is not well suited for climbing mountains.

4. This citadel which the general is fortifying will be

soon taken.

5. This country seems very unhealthy.

6. Give this book back to your brother.

7. No one ever thought this valley beautiful.

8. You have been very easily deceived by that beggar

9. Let us mark out the site of our new house.

10. For thirty-seven years this city has been fortified.

11. The sun is being darkened by clouds.

12. I saw the robber dividing the spoil among his

comrades.

13. What citizen does not love Caesar ?

14. A certain chief asked the Roman consul for corn.

15. This language which I am teaching you is not

difficult.

16. Let us all honour the illustrious general who has

been killed by the barbarians.

17. To whom did you assign this office l ?

18. This citizen has performed his duty l well.

19. The victorious general proclaimed himself king.

20. His courage is as great as his foresight.

62

21. I consider this war not only illegal but also irreligious.

22. Do not forget this man's kindness towards you.

23. Many years ago we used to celebrate these games

at Rome.

24. Have you ever seen the temple of Pallas at Athens?

25. I will welcome the stranger as my guest.

26. On the fourth day the messenger arrived at Rome

from Greece.

27. These children have not obeyed their parents.

28. I cannot pardon a boy who does not obey me.

29. Let us honour the general in-his-old-age.

30. When-a-boy this general was not clever.

31. The Romans never turned their backs to the foe.

32. Who has not heard the story of Catiline, the famous

conspirator ?

33. Servius when king was kind to all the citizens.

34 The general sent splendid gifts to the priest of
Apollo at Delphi.

35. The victorious general enriched the temple with

spoils which he had taken from the barbarians.

36. The consul was banished by his own countrymen,

and perished by his own hand.

37. At what price did you buy this land ?

38. The cruel general drove the captives from Carthage

and sent them into the country.

39. This disgrace cannot be pardoned.

40. I must write a letter to my friend Hortensius at

Rome.

NOTES.

(i) Notice that officium means duty not office.

63

EXERCISE XV.

SYNTAX NOTES.

IN the Syntax Notes on Exercise IV. a full explanation has
been given of the difference between a Simple Sentence
and a Compound Sentence, a Co-ordinate Clause and a
Subordinate Clause.

Subordinate Clauses are of three kinds : — •

i. SUBSTANTIVAL,
comprising

1. Indirect Statement.

2. Indirect Petition and Command.

3. Indirect Question.

1. Final (in order that).

2. Consecutive (so that).

3. Causal (because).

2. ADVERBIAL, comprising \ 4. Temporal (when).

5. Conditional (if).

6. Concessive (although).

7. Comparative (as if).

3. ADJECTIVAL, introduced by the Relative and its

Compounds.

There are also Adjectival-Adverbial Clauses : — •

1. Final introduced by qui containing one of

2. Consecutive these four meanings, No. 3 being often

3. Causal strengthened by the prefix utpote, or

4. Concessive quippe.

64

The above explanation is given now before we regularly
enter on the Compound Sentence, in order to avoid repetition ;
but for the next five Exercises, which have to do only with
Substantival Clauses, it is not required, and need not be learned
until Exercise XIX. has been finished.

SUBSTANTIVAL CLAUSES.

1. Indirect Statement is most commonly expressed in

Latin by the construction called ' the Accusative
and Infinitive ' where the English word ' that ' is
not translated, the Subject is put in the Accusative,
and the Verb in the Infinitive, thus : —

Caesar said that the city was on fire.

Here the Main Clause is Ccesar dixit. Now omit the word
' that,' and instead of writing urbs ardet (which would
be Caesar's words in Direct Statement), write urbem
ardere. So the Sentence will be : —

Ccesar dixit urbem ardere.

2. Verbs of hoping and promising take the Accusative

and the Future Infinitive ; naturally so, because
hoping and promising must refer to the Future,
thus :—

Caesar promised to come.

Ccesar promisit se venturum esse.

i. Always be careful about the use of the pronouns
in Indirect Statement — remember that se and suus
can only be used (and must be used) when they refer
to the Subject of the Sentence, and when that Subject
is in the 3rd Person. So, if cum had been written
instead of se in the above sentence it would refer to
some other person, not to Caesar.

65

2. Also remember that the Future Infinitive is composed of
the Future Participle and esse. Participles are
Adjectives, and therefore the Future Participle must
always agree with the Accusative Subject in Gender,
Number, and Case. The Accusative and Infinitive
stands either (a), as Subject of the Copula est or
some other Copulative Verb, or an Impersonal Verb,
as: —

Turpe est pneros esse ignavos.

It is disgraceful that boys should be idle.

Here the Substantival Clause pueros esse ignavos stands (in
the place of a Substantive) as Subject of est, turpe
being the Complement : —

Subject. Copula. Complement.

that boys should be idle is disgraceful.

So with an Impersonal Verb : —

Constat te valere.

It is agreed that you are in good health.

or (b). As Object of some Verb of saying, or perceiving,

as : —

Audivi hastes adesse.

I have heard that the enemy are at hand.

Here the Substantival Clause hostes adesse stands (in the
place of a Substantive) as Object of the Transitive
Verb audivi ;

or (c). In Apposition to some word in the Main Clause,
as : —

Hoc manifestum est, solem esse majorem luna.

This is clear, that the sun is greater than the moon.

Here solem esse majorem luna is in apposition to hoc.

F

66

1. It is said that the envoys came to Caesar, and that

he sent them away immediately.

2. The spies reported that Caesar had pitched his camp

three thousand paces from the camp of the
enemy.

3. I hear that the wall is ten feet high.

4. I have been1 informed that my friend is living a

miserable life.

5. Have you heard that your friend has gone to

Rome?

6. Who has not heard that our ships are few ?

7. It is said that Balbus seemed to himself a fortunate

man.

8. They relate that Hannibal hated, and was hateful

to, the Romans.

9. News was2 brought to Caesar that the city was on

fire.

10. I have heard that the enemy are preparing for war

by land and sea.

11. I believe that man will sell his country for gold.

12. The messengers announced that the enemy were

before the walls.

13. Caesar used to say that by his help alone the state

was preserved.

14. All of3 us hope to see you again soon.

15. Many of you have heard that your friend is ill.

16. I have been told1 that the whole of Italy is laid

waste by disease.

17. Three hundred of us have sworn to defend the king.

18. I hope that man will be accused of treason.

19. Caesar was informed that the enemy were encamped

at the foot of the mountain.

67

20. News was brought to the general that the Parthians

had crossed the Euphrates.

21. It is said that the Arcadians alone were skilled in

singing.

22. We all hope to return home before night. .

23. It is well known that our army will be defeated.

24. It is disgraceful that strong men should be idle.

25. We have heard that the inhabitants of that town are

very poor..

26. It is a crime that women should be tortured.

27. They all denied that they had seen the robber.

28. I cannot believe that they spoke the truth.

29. It is believed that the next winter will be very cold.

30. It is certain that that citizen is a traitor.

31. The Germans believe that they are able to conquer

our country.

32. Do you think you understand this ?

33. Did you promise to give money to that beggar ?

34. Some people believe that our country will never be

powerful again.

35. Do not hope to understand this at once.

36. It is an acknowledged fact that too much study is

injurious to boys.

37. He said that he had never seen me before.

38. Whom did you tell that I had arrived ?

39. I am5 sure that an industrious boy will soon under-

stand this.

40. The messengers who came to Caesar brought word

that the enemy were-without provisions.

68

NOTES.

(1) I am informed, certior fio (lit. I am made more certain).

(2) News was brought, = it was announced, nuntiatum

est.

(3) All of us, nos omnes.

(4) Too much study, nimium stitdii.

(5) I am sure, pro certo habeo (lit., I hold it for certain).

69

EXERCISE XVI.

SYNTAX NOTES.

INDIRECT STATEMENT, continued —

Notice also the following constructions which are sometimes
used instead of the Accusative and Infinitive.

i. Ut with the Subjunctive. In this construction the word
' that ' is translated by * «// and the Clause must then contain
a Subject in the Nominative Case (expressed or understood),
and a Finite Verb in the Subjunctive Mood.

This construction is only used when the Verb in the Main
Clause has the meaning of expediency, consequence,

possibility, happening, duty, necessity, etc such

as the following : —

expedit . . .
sequitur . .
fieri potest .
quo fit . . .

evenit
accidit

uft it is expedient .... that.

. ut, it follows .... that.

..»/, it is possible .... that.

ut, whence it happens .... that.

. . ut, it happens .... that.

thus : — It happened that the town was being fortified.

Accidit ut oppidum muniretur,

70

where the Substantival Clause ut oppidum muniretur stands as
Subject of the Verb accidit.

2. Quod with the Indicative, when a fact is stated, usually
after Verbs expressing emotion, such as gaudeo, I am glad ;
) I am sorry, etc., as : —

I am glad that you are safe.

Gaudeo quod es tutus.

1. They relate that many deserters came to our camp.

2. Who is ignorant that you are unskilled in the Latin

language?

3. News was brought to Caesar that the enemy was at

hand.

4. The barbarians were informed by spies that our

men were about to besiege the town.

5. I have been informed that the enemy will cross the

river to-morrow at daybreak.

6. I have heard, but I do not feel sure, that the general

was killed (while) fighting.

7. The inhabitants of the city heard that the captives

had been1 spared by the enemy's general.

8. Who believes that the moon is inhabited by giants ?

9. Who denies that these things are useful ?

10. It is disgraceful that our soldiers should be afraid of

barbarians.

11. It is a well-known fact that the earth moves2 round

the sun.

12. Formerly the ancients used to believe that the sun

moved.2

71

13. It is said that the bite of snakes is more deadly in

spring than in winter.

14. Some people believe that a swan when about to die

sings.

15. Do you believe that this is true ?

16. People3 say that a terrible disease is about to lay

waste our country.

17. The general promised -to give rewards to all his

soldiers.

18. I hope to reach Rome in a few days.

19. Not long4 afterwards I was told that you had gone

to Sicily.

20. I am glad that you have returned safe.

21. We were all sorry that you were hurt.

22. It is expedient that those robbers should be punished.

23. Have you ever been told that there are ghosts in

this house ?

24. Romulus vowed5 that he would build a temple to

Jupiter.

25. It happened that no one was killed in that battle.

26. It is possible that I shall return home to-morrow.

27. I intend to storm the enemy's citadel immediately.

28. The general threatened that he would destroy the

town.

29. The old man hopes to see you to-day.

30. Caesar was informed that his camp had been burnt

by the enemy.

31. He vowed that he would lay waste the whole country

with fire and sword.

32. I do not think that this will seem to you to be very

difficult.

33. My father and I hope to catch many fish in that river.

72

34. We heard that an old man had caught twenty-four

fish last night.

35. I do not believe that you can hear my voice.

36. Promise to work very diligently.

37. The boys all promised not to go to the town.

38. The beggar says7 that he has not eaten food to-day.

39. Do you believe that the beggar speaks the6 truth.

40. It is expedient that you should all learn this.

NOTES.

(1) Had been spared. Remember that Verbs which govern

a Dative must be used Impersonally in the Passive.

(2) Moveo in Latin is a Transitive Verb, so it must either be

used reflexively with se, or else put in the Passive.

(3) People say,ferunt.

(4) Not long afterwards, non ita multo post.

(5) Voveo (I vow) and minor (I threaten) take the same

construction as Verbs of hoping and promising.

(6) To speak the truth, vera loqui (lit., true things).

(7) I say not is not dico non, but nego, I deny.

73

EXERCISE XVII.

SYNTAX NOTES.

Indirect Petition and Command is expressed in Latin
by tit and ne with the Subjunctive after Verbs of asking,,
commanding, advising, and taking care. As : —

I ask you to do this. I ask you not to do this.
Rogo te ut hoc facias. Rogo te ne hoc facias.

Where the Substantival Clauses tit hoc facias, ne hoc facias^
stand as the second Accusative after rogo*

We may now give the rule for Consecution of Tenses,
which is that Primary Tenses follow Primary, Historic Tenses
follow Historic, — that is to say, if the Principal Verb is in a
Primary Tense, the Verb in the Subordinate Clause will also
be in a Primary Tense ; and if the Principal Verb is in a
Historic Tense, the Verb in the Subordinate Clause will be in
a Historic Tense; but the Verbs need not necessarily be in
the same Tense, that is, a Piesent need not be followed
by a Present.

The Primary Tenses of the Indicative Mood are : —

Present.

Future.

Strict Perfect (as, I have loved).

74
The Primary Tenses of the Subjunctive Mood are: —

Present.
Perfect.
Future Participle with sim.

The Historic Tenses of the Indicative Mood are : —

Imperfect.

Aorist (as, I loved).

Pluperfect

The Historic Tenses of the Subjunctive Mood are: —

Imperfect.
Pluperfect
Future Participle with essem.

so, I asked you to do this, will be in Latin : —
Rogavi te lit hoc facer es.

1. I ask you to come to me.

2. You will never persuade me to do this.

3. My friend advised me to learn this.

4. We all begged him not to go to Rome.

5. I have ordered my servant to bring the books.

6. You were all asked not to do this.

7. I advised my friend not to eat too much.

8. He begged me to give him money.

9. I warned that boy not to be idle.

10. The spies advised the general to pitch his camp near
the river.

75

11. The general exhorted his men to fight bravely.

12. These barbarians always persuade their men not to

fear death.

13. I beg you not to listen to that beggar's words.

14. Tell1 the citizens to fortify the city.

15. He kept on2 exhorting his men to defend their

wives and children.

16. I have often ordered you to be silent.

17. Do not ask me to believe you.

18. The barbarians begged Caesar not to destroy their

city.

19. I shall not ask you to come with me to the town.

20. Who will ask the general to spare the prisoners ?

21. Did you ask your brother to write a letter?

22. He always begs me not to go away.

23. I ordered my servant to buy me some food.

24. We all besought the general to spare us.

25. I asked my friend to write a letter to me every day.

26. Can you persuade your friend to come with us ?

27. I shall advise my friend not to go to the town

to-day.

28. Do not ask your friend to sing.

29. I beseech you to listen to me, my friends.

30. I am not able to persuade my friend to remain

here.

31. He always begs me to bring him books.

32. Caesar exhorted his men not to fly.

33. The general gave orders that the citadel should be

stormed.

34. Have you asked him to give you money ?

35. Do not ask me to stay here.

36. We have advised our friends to leave Italy.

76

37. The Romans demanded that the traitors should be

given up.

38. I implore you not to destroy that town.

39. I gave3 orders that the robbers should be killed.

40. My friends persuaded me to spare the boy.

NOTES.

(1) Tell, order.

(2) Kept on exhorting, Imperfect

(3) I give orders, mando.

77

EXERCISE XVIII.

SYNTAX NOTES.
INDIRECT PETITION AND COMMAND, continued: —

Ijubeo, I order.

veto. I forbid, = jubeo non.
> > y

cogo, I compel.

sino, I allow.

take the same construction which is used in English and in
Greek, namely, the Object and Infinitive, thus: —

I order you to do this,

Jubeo, te hoc facere.

Verbs whose sense is not complete without an Infinitive to
carry on their meaning are called Prolative Verbs, and the
Infinitive a Prolative Infinitive, such arefessum, volo, nolo,
malo, comtituo (I resolve), as : —

You are able to do this,

Hoc facere potes.

INDIRECT QUESTION.

Indirect Question is expressed in Latin by an Interro-
gative Pronoun or Participle with the Subjunctive Mood,
depending on some Verb of asking, doubting, telling, etc.

78
N.B. — The rules for consecution of Tenses must be observed.

The following lines contain the commonest interrogative
words : —

Quis, quantus, qualis, quo, quot, quotus, unde, ubi, quando.
Quam, quamobrem, quare, cur, quomodo, num, ne, ut, an, utrum.

thus : I do not know whether this is true,

Nestio an hoc verum sit.

I asked him where he was going to,

Interrogavi eum quo iturus esset.

Here the Substantival Clause, an hoc verum sit, stands as
Object of the Verb nescio, and quo iturus esset as second
Object of interrogavi.

N.B. — Be careful in the following Exercise to observe
whether the Subordinate Clause is Statement. Petition or
CommanS, or Question.

1. He warned Caesar not to put confidence1 in the

Gauls.

2. He determined to set out for Rome immediately.

3. He took2 care that the enemy should not learn his

plans.

4. I was persuaded3 to leave Italy.

5. I will take care to satisfy you.

6. I have often warned4 you not to do this.

7. I warn you that the enemy is at hand.

8. The general resolved that the town should be

stormed.

9. I am persuaded that this is true.

79

10. I forbid you to leave this place before night.

11. The captives implored the general to spare the

women and children.

12. Caesar ordered his men to break down the bridge

which they had lately made.

13. He commanded that all those who were able should

follow him at once.

14. My friends and I have often asked you to go with

us to Italy.

15. Tell me how often you have seen my father.

16. I do not know why you boys are weeping.

17. It was for a long time doubtful whether the Romans

would come-off victorious.

18. He asked me where the enemy had pitched their

camp.

19. I shall ask my friend to lend me a horse.

20. Tell me what sort of dogs you have bought.

21. He asked me which of5 these two books I preferred

to read.

22. I cannot tell you when the city was burnt.

23. Did you ask me why I could not understand this ?

24. Tell me how you were wounded in your hand.

25. It is doubtful whether you will be able to reach the

city to-day.

26. We wish to know whether6 anyone saw the robbers.

27. I asked my friend whether he was a Roman or a

Greek.

28. I cannot allow you to remain here.

29. I forbid you to cross the river.

30. Caesar allowed his men to plunder the town.

31. The general commanded the deserter to be sum-

moned, and asked him where the enemy were.

32. Caesar advised his men not to drink wine.

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33. Who does not know that the earth moves7 round the

sun?

34. The soldiers asked the general whether he wished

the captives to be spared.

35. Can you tell me how the city was taken ?

36. Caius exhorted his friends not to despair of8 safety.

37. Caesar asked the Gauls why they did not trust him.

38. Caesar ordered his soldiers to surround the city.

39. I do not think I shall ever persuade you to do this.

40. He asked his friends what they thought ought9 to

be done.

NOTES.

(1) To put confidence in = trust, fido.

(2) I take care, caveo. Construction ut or ne, with Sub-

_ junctive.

(3) PersuadeO) governs a Dative.

(4) Notice the difference between I warn or I persuade

you to do or not to do a thing, which is Indirect
Petition or Command, and I warn or I persuade
you that something is or is not the case,

which is Indirect Statement.

(5) Which of the two, uter, which of the two of

these books ?

(6) Whether any one, num quis, Does anyone ?

(Direct Question) would be ecquis?

(7) Moves. See Note on Ex. xvi.

(8) Of, here de.

.(9) Ought to be done, Neuter of Gerundive with sum.

81

EXERCISE XIX.

SYNTAX NOTES.

EXERCISE ON INDIRECT PETITION AND COMMAND, INDIRECT
QUESTION AND PROLATIVE VERBS, continued: —

Under the head of Indirect Petition and Command are
classed Verbs of fearing and danger. Their construction is
ne with the Subjunctive, when it is feared that something
will happen; ut with the Subjunctive, when it is feared that
something will not happen, as : —

I fear we shall be conquered,

Vereor ne vincamur.

I feared we should not win,

Verebar ut vinceremus.

1. I shall compel you all to follow me.

2. He ordered his men to defend the bridge.

3. I cannot allow you to depart.

4. do not wish you to give me money.

5. am afraid you do not understand this.

6. have often forbidden you to talk.

7. was afraid my friend did not understand me.

8. They were afraid the general would burn the town.

9. Can you not compel this boy to be quiet ?
10. He is afraid you will punish him.

82

11. I forbid you to go out to-day.

12. He begged me to allow him to depart.

13. We were all afraid that we should be put to death.

14. Are you afraid that the Germans will conquer us ?

15. In Germany the law forbids you to do many things.

16. Do you wish to stay at home to-day ?

17. He begged me to allow him to remain at Athens for

two months.

18. On the fourth day I shall compel you to surrender

the city.

19. Take care not to hurt the dog.

20. He has ordered the soldiers to prepare for battle.

21. Tell me who you are.

22. I asked him what sort of flowers he preferred.

23. Bring me word how many soldiers are coming.

24. He asked me how large my house was.

25. He asks me how often I have seen Rome.

26. Tell me where you have come from.

27. I asked my friend to tell me where he was living.

28. Can you tell me when you expect to come here ?

29. He asked me why I had not written to him.

30. I do not know how to find the road.

31. He asked me whether I could understand him.

32. I asked the boy where he was going.

33. I wish to know why you did not go to Rome.

34. He begged me not to tell him what I had seen.

35. I wonder whether you can sing well.

36. Do not inquire what we were talking about.

37. They often ask me who I am, what I am doing, and

where I live.

38. I never told them who I was, what I was doing, and

where I lived.

39. It is uncertain whether there will be peace or war.

83

EXERCISE XX.

SYNTAX NOTES.

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES.

Learn the rules and observations given before Exercise XV.
Adverbial Clauses stand in the place of Adverbs, limiting or
defining some word in the Main Clause.

I. FINAL.

A Final Clause expresses Purpose, and is introduced
by the Conjunctions ut (in order that), or ne (in
order that .... not, or lest), and the Verb in the
Final Clause must be in the Subjunctive Mood,
the rules for Consecution of Tenses being observed
as before.

In English, Purpose is generally expressed by the In-
finitive, but this must never be done in Latin ; thus —

Primary, He eats to live
Edit ut vivat.

Historic, He ran that he might not be caught.

Cucurrit ne caperetur.

II. CONSECUTIVE.

A Consecutive Clause expresses consequence, and

is introduced by ut (so that), with the Subjunctive.
If there is a Negative in the Consecutive Clause ut non

84

must be used, not ne. There is always a Demon-
strative word like tantus, tails, tot> ita, adeo^ tarn, in
the Main Clause, thus : —

Primary, He is so blind that he cannot
see me.

Ita coccus est ut me videre non possit.

Historic, He ran so fast that he fell.

Tarn celeriter cucurrit ut caderet.

III. ADJECTIVAL ADVERBIAL CLAUSES.

Qui, Final = ut tst (following the Object of a Transitive
Verb), as :—

He sent ambassadors to ask for peace.

Legates misit qui pacem peter ent.

Qui, Consecutive = talis ut, as : —

JWho is there who can understand this ?
Qids est qui hoc intelligere possit ?

1. The general set out to storm the town.

2. In order to gain fresh honours Caesar set out for

Rome.

3. The soldiers pursued the enemy for two hours to

catch the traitors.

4. I am so lame that I cannot walk.

5. He was so ill that no1 one believed he would live.

6. I have sent my servant to see the games.

7. My friend was so angry that he would not enter the

house.

8 He hid himself that he might not be discovered by
the robbers.

85

9. Send the boy to shut the gate.

10. He went into the country that he might not be

disturbed.

11. Speak distinctly, that I may understand you.

12. The general was so cruel that he put to death all

the women and children.

13. Some boys are so cruel that they delight to kill flies

(to kill flies delights them).

14. There are2 some who think that they cannot under-

stand this.

15. The Romans were so proud that they thought them-

selves the cleverest of all nations.

16. Do not talk, lest you be discovered.

17. I am so happy that I am willing to give you any-

thing-you-please.

18. Who is clever enough3 to understand this ?

19. The inhabitants of that country are so poor that they

often perish from hunger.

20. That old man loves money so much that he is always

afraid he will be robbed.

21. Who is so foolish as to fear the bull ?

22. The robbers laid in wait in the wood to attack the

travellers.

23. Run quickly that you may not be caught.

24. The inhabitants of that country are so dirty that

they seldom wash themselves.

25. The boys were so rude that they called the lady a

. thief.

26. They say that the Germans will come to attack our

country.

27. Our soldiers are so brave that they can defeat the

Germans.

28. The river is so wide that the army cannot cross it

86

29. He works well that he may not be blamed by his

master.

30. He worked so well that he obtained a prize.

31. That man is so talkative that I do not wish to hear

him again.

32. I asked the boy to work to please me.

33. Caesar set fire to the city that he might destroy the

barbarians' supplies.

34. The spies were put to death that they might not

announce to the enemy that Caesar was at hand.

35. The soldier was so brave that he was not afraid-of

torture.

36. Who is so foolish as not to understand this ?

37. The slave came to me that he might not be punished

by his master.

38. The Romans were so cruel that they used often to

Jtorture their slaves.

39. Learn to swim that you may be able to save

yourself.

40. Those soldiers fight so bravely that they have never

been defeated in battle.

41. Caesar sent ambassadors to the king to ask him to

surrender the city.

NOTES.

(1) That no one, ut nemo, or ut nullus.

(2) There are some who, sunt qui, with Subjunctive (qui,

Consecutive).

(3) "Who is clever enough ? = Who is so clever that ? etc.

87

EXERCISE XXI.

SYNTAX NOTES.

In the last Exercise we have considered only the most
common Constructions used in Final and Consecutive
Clauses. In this Exercise some less common and idiomatic
sentences will be found.

FINAL.

Observe the following: —

1. That . . . not in a Final sense is ne.
That . . . never „ „ ne quando.
That ... no one „ „ ne quis

But:

That . . . not in a Consecutive sense is

ut . . . non.

That . . . never „ „ ut . . . nunquam.

i nemo
That ... no one „ „ tit ... \ or

' nullus.

2. The Final Conjunction quo with the Subjunctive is

used for ut when followed by an Adjective or
Adverb in the Comparative degree, as : —

Work that you may the more easily learn.

Labora quo facilius discas.

88

3. After Verbs of hindering and preventing quominus

with the Subjunctive is generally used for ne,
as : —

Nothing hinders me from doing this.

Nihil me impedit quominus hocfadam.

4. With words expressing doubt, quin ( = qui ne) with

the Subjunctive is used, as : —

There is no doubt that you are ill.

Haud dubium est quin czger sis.

CONSECUTIVE.

i. To express ' too . . . to be ' or ' to do ' as ' too ill
to work/ use the Comparative of the Adjective
followed by quam ut with the Subjunctive as : —

He is too ill to work.

est quam ut laboret.

2. After Negatives and Interrogatives use^«/«( =

qui noii) with the Subjunctive, as : —

Who is there who does not know this ?

Quis est quin hoc sciat?

There is no one who does not know this.
Nemo est quin hoc sciat.

3. 'To be on the point of is expressed by 'in eo

esse' followed by ut with the Subjunctive, as : —

He was on the point of going.
In eo erat ut iret.

89

4. ' Tantum abesf has two Clauses subordinate to it, (i)
Substantival (Indirect Statement), (2) Adverbial
(Consecutive), as : —

He is so far from running that he cannot walk.
Tantum abest ut currat, ut ambulare non possit.

Where the Substantival Clause ut currat stands as Subject
of abest y and the Consecutive Adverbial Clause ut
ambulare non possit limits tantum.

1. He bestows aid freely, that he may be beloved by all.

2. Throw the boy into the sea, that he may learn to

swim.

3. The general pardoned the captives, that he might be

considered kind.

4. The barbarians were so much frightened, that they

fled into the woods.

5. This mountain is so steep, that we cannot climb it.

6. The brave soldier died, and nobody could save him.

7. The boy concealed the books, that nobody might

find them.

8. He was wounded so badly, that nobody could save

him.

9. He punished all traitors, that his soldiers might

never desert him.

10, The traitor was so severely punished, that he never

was faithless afterwards.

11. He ran that he might the more easily catch the

robbers.

90

12. The general sent his men to the river to fetch water.

13. I shall send my servant to inquire whether the city

has been taken.

14. He climbed the mast that he might more easily see

the enemy.

15. The king was so mad that no one obeyed him.

16. No one hitherto has been so imprudent as to do this.

17. The crash was so great that it actually 2 roused all

the inhabitants.

18. I am afraid you are too deaf to hear what I say.

19. Go to the town to buy food.

20. There are some who are so credulous as to believe

this story.

21. The slave was so faithful that he perished to save

his master,
•22. This lake is so deep that the water never freezes.

23. Nothing will hinder me from going into Italy.

24. I do not doubt that the city will be taken.

25. Who is there who does not hate wasps ?

20. There is no doubt that the rain has spoiled the
wheat.

27. The storm was so terrible that the horses were

frightened.

28. There is no one who cannot sing this song.

29. I am teaching you that you may all become learned.

30. This1 boy is so far from becoming learned that he

cannot even read.

31. The servant mounted his horse that he might the

more speedily tell his master that the robbers
were approaching.

32. I am afraid you cannot understand me.

33. The sun is so hot that no one can go into the fields.

91

34. Seme persons are so foolish as to climb mountains

to-day.

35. I was on-the-point-of-sending for you.

36. I am so far from running to-day, that I cannot walk.

37. Give me water that I may drink.

38. Caesar sent ambassadors to the enemy to demand

that the town should be surrendered to him.

39. This man is so proud that he is unwilling to listen

to me.

40. I heard that the general was on-the-point-of taking

the city.

NOTES.

(1) This boy will be in the Dative case after abest.

(2) If it is wanted to call particular attention to something

being actually a fact, the Perfect Subjunctive (or,
more strictly, the Subjunctive of the Aorist) is used
after a Historic tense in the Main Clause.

92

EXERCISE XXII.

SYNTAX NOTES.
CAUSAL CLAUSES.

Causal Clauses are introduced by the Conjunctions quod1
and quia (because) and quum (since).

The Verb in a Causal Clause introduced by quod or quia
is in the Indicative when the cause is stated as an actual
fact, but when the cause is merely alleged, and not admitted
as a fact, the Subjunctive must be used, as : —

Pugnare non potest quod claudus est.
He cannot fight because he is lame.

Themistodes ?2octu ambulabat quod dormire non posset.

Themistocles used to walk at night because (as he said) he
could not sleep.

In the second example the use of the Subjunctive shows
that it was the reason alleged by Themistocles.

The Verb in a Causal Clause introduced by quum (since) is
in the Subjunctive.

TEMPORAL CLAUSES.

Temporal Clauses are introduced by the following Con-
junctions : —

93

' with the Imperfect or Pluperfect Sub-
junctive when a historical account is
given of any event — or if it is intended
Quum or cum (when) to mark not only the time of the event,
Ubi (when) but something which naturally occurred

before it.

CcEsar quum hczc audivisset iratus est.
^ Caesar, when he had heard this, was angry.

with the Indicative when the particular
time at which anything happened is
stated, as : —

Jam ver appropinquabat quum Hanni-
bal ex hibernis profectus est.

Spring was already drawing near when
Hannibal marched out of winter
quarters.

Dum (whilst) is followed by the Indicative.
™m | (until) are followed by the Subjunctive.

' are followed by the Indicative when
the event mentioned in the Temporal
Clause actually happened, but by the
Subjunctive when it has not yet hap-
pened, and therefore is in any sense
conditional as : —

Quum or cum, (when)

Ut (when)

Ubi (when)

Simul atque (as soon as)

Quoties (as often as)

Quamdiu (as long as)

' ) (bef,

Priusquam
Postquam

ore

(after)

Ccesar, postquam
castra rediit.

urbem ceperat, in

Caesar returned to camp after he had
taken the city.

Ne abiveris priusquam omnta audiveris.

Do not go away before you have heard
all

94
THE ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE.

The Ablative Absolute (so called because it is freed
from agreement with any other words in the sentence) is a
shortened Adverbial Clause, Temporal, Causal, Concessive or
Conditional, consisting of two words agreeing together in the
Ablative Case, as : —

Regibus exactis, consules creati sunt.

After the kings had been driven out, consuls were chosen.

Literally ' Kings having been driven out ; ' but this mode
of translation should always be avoided, and the Ablative
Absolute should be translated by a Clause, most commonly
by a Temporal Clause introduced by ' after ' or ' on,' thus: —

C&sare mortuo.

On the death of Caesar.

But^the Ablative Absolute may be composed of any two
words in the Ablative, not necessarily a Participle, and a Noun,
as : Te duce, under your leadership, (lit. 'you being leader.')
Te veniente, Now that you are come.

1. Caesar was beloved by his soldiers because he was

just.

2. Since these1 things are so, I cannot remain here.

3. Caesar was angry with the soldier because (as he

thought) he had been faithless to him.

4. Because you are not clever you must not on that2

account despair.

5. For this3 reason we have two ears and one mouth,

that we may hear much and speak little.

95

6. He returned home because (as he said) he had for-

gotten something.

7. I advise you to leave Italy, not because I think you

unwell, but because I think you are wasting-time.

8. Fabius, the dictator, was unwilling to fight, because

he wished to delay.

9. The judges condemned him for breaking-his word.

10. Since you are so deaf I cannot teach you.

11. I pity you because4 you are so dull.

12. The thief was silent because he knew he was guilty.

13. He came to me, because he believed that I would

help him.

14. When the barbarians heard that Caesar was coming

they fled.

15. On hearing this, I immediately returned home.

16. Before he became lame, he was able to walk for

many hours every day.

17. After breaking down the bridge, the soldiers pitched

their camp near the river.

18. On the third day after the city had been surrounded,

the enemy surrendered to Csesar.

19. Whilst5 these things were going on at Rome, the

consul was waging war on the barbarians in Gaul.

20. As long as you are so deceitful no one will believe

you.

21. We could not set out to-day because the rain was so

heavy.

22. While you boys are wasting time, I cannot teach

you.

23. The general was unwilling to fight because the

omens were not lucky.

24. He waited until his friend returned.

96

25. Stay here till I call you.

26. As soon as you hear me calling, I beg you to come

to me.

27. The captives were murdered before Csesar arrived.

28. The general died before finishing the walls.

29. Before you fight there is need of counsel.

SO. When the fight was ended, the barbarians sent
messengers to Caesar to beg that they might be
allowed to bury their dead.

31. When the general arrived, he summoned his men

before him to exhort them to fight bravely.

32. When the enemy were seen our men charged them.

33. On the death of the consul, the enemy became more

daring.

34. In the reign of Nero, a certain soothsayer came to

Rome, and deceived many people.

35. On your return, I will give you what you desire.

36. Trfe boy was drowned because he could not swim:

37. On the arrival of messengers, the consul ordered

his men to set out for Rome.

38. When this was announced to the king, he ordered

the traitor to be put to death.

39. Without6 your help I cannot do this.

40. Csesar, after taking the citadel, set it on fire.

NOTES.

(i) Since these things are so, qua quum ita sint, the
Relative is always put first in a Clause when it is
equivalent to et — is or et — hie.

97

(2) On that account, propterta ; a Causal Clause is often

strengthened by the use of propterea in the Main
Clause.

(3) For this reason, idcirco ; a Final Clause is often

strengthened by the use of idcirco in the Main
Clause.

(4) Qui, Causal.

(5) Dum, whilst, is usually followed by the Present Indi-

cative, which is translated as though it were the
Imperfect.

(6) Without your help, say, * You not helping.'

98

EXERCISE XXIII.

RECAPITULATORY.

1. I believe that our1 friend Balbus who built the wall

will always be famous.

2. I am sure that you have not finished your work.

3. News was brought to the consul that the chiefs of

the enemy had summoned an assembly to decide
whether a battle should be fought before night.

4. This law will take away from the people the right-

of-appeal.

5. The farmer told his labourers to provide food for the

horses.

6. It is-a-well-known-fact that the character of these

barbarians is disgraceful.

7. It is expedient that those who plot against the state

should-be-put-to-death .

8. Nothing now hinders you from aiming at the dic-

tatorship.

9. He accused the young man of neglecting his

business.

10. The general promised to make an honourable treaty

with the enemy.

11. The old man when advanced-in-years used to go

into the woods every day to cut down trees.

99

12. The celebrated Alexander having summoned his

soldiers exhorted them to fight bravely.

13. I advise you not to plunge into the lake when you

have just finished dinner (lit. risen from dinner).

14. Can you tell me when the ship will sail ?

15. The general ordered a thousand horsemen and three

thousand foot-soldiers to advance before night.

16. The inhabitants were so much frightened by the

earthquake, that they were unwilling to return to
their houses.

17. In our army many of the soldiers are so young, that

they are not able to endure hardships.

18. I believe the deserters will be caught.

19. So far am I from admiring the old man, that I hate

him.

20. This boy does not work, because as he says, he is

unwell.

21. These recruits are too young to fight.

22. The more2 this boy has, the more he wants.

23. Climb to the top of the mountain, that you may the

more easily see the battle.

24. News was brought to Caesar that the enemy had

pitched their camp two miles off.

25. It is said that the barbarians had spears six feet

long.

26. The consul ordered his men to assemble at the

bridge at daybreak.

27. Whilst Hannibal was besieging Capua, some of the

inhabitants plotted to betray the city.

28. Before the death of Caesar, terrible portents are said

to have been seen at Rome.

29. He promised to send me the swiftest3 dogs he had.

100

30. On the last night we spent at Athens we dined with

Euripides (lit. on that night which we spent at
Athens last).

31. This man will succeed to the crown,4 they say, on

his brother's death.

32. Our soldiers said that they would never take up

arms against their own countrymen.

33. Word was brought to the dying general that the

enemy were defeated, and5 were flying in all
directions.

34. Whenever he saw his men giving way, he used to

encourage them with the hope of great booty.

35. While he was sailing from Italy, he fell ill, and died

on reaching Athens.

36. I was persuaded to leave Rome, that I might avoid

the unhealthy season.

37. There are some who deny that he is able to manage

this business.

38. During the6 reign of Tiberius the Roman army

besieged the city.

39. On hearing this, the consul determined to burn

the city, and7 send all the citizens to Rome as
hostages.

40. A certain philosopher was so cautious, that he is said

to have once exclaimed that he would burn his
coat, if he thought8 that it was aware of his plan.

NOTES.

(1) Our friend Balbus, noster Balbus.

(2) The more . . . the more, quo plus . . . eo plus.

101

(3) The swiftest dogs he had ; put the Superlative in

the Relative Clause, and say 'the dogs which he
had most swift.'

(4) To succeed to the crown, excipere regnum,

(5) Omit and by using a Participle for were defeated,

agreeing with enemy.

(6) During the reign of Tiberius ; say, while Tiberius

was reigning.

(7) Omit and, and express burn the city by an Ablative

Absolute.

(8) If he thought, si putavisset.

102

EXERCISE XXIV.

SYNTAX NOTES.
CONDITIONAL CLAUSES.

Conditional Clauses are introduced by the Conjunctions
si (if), nisi, or si non (unless, if .... not).

In every Conditional Sentence there are two parts, (i) the
' if Clause ' or Protasis ; (2) the ' then Clause ' or Apodosis ;
the latter being, of course, the Main Clause.

There are three classes of Conditional sentences in Latin :

1. Both Verbs (that is the Verb in the 'if Clause' and

the Verb in the 'then Clause') are in the In-
dicative.

When there is no idea of uncertainty, as : —

Si quid habeo, do.

If I have anything, I give it.

2. Both Verbs are in a Primary Tense of the Sub-

junctive [or more strictly speaking Subjunctive in
the 'if Clause,' and Conjunctive in the 'then
Clause'].

When uncertainty is expressed, as ; —

Si quid habeam, dem.

If I were to have anything, I would give it.

103

3. Both Verbs are in a Historic Tense of the Subjunc-
tive [Subjunctive in the 'if Clause,' Conjunctive
in the ' then Clause '].

When Improbability and Impossibility are expressed, as ; —

Si quid haberem, darem.

If I were to have anything (which is quite improbable),
I would give it.

Si quid habuissem, dedissem.

If I had had anything (which I had not, and could not
possibly have had), I would have given it.

In Oratio Obliqua, or Indirect Speech, the 'then Clause'
will be the Accusative and Future Infinitive, the ' if Clause '
remaining in the Subjunctive Mood, and in a Primary or
Historic Tense, according as the Verb introducing the Indirect
Speech is in a Primary or Historic Tense, as : —

Caesar said that if he took the city he would burn it.
Ccesar dixit si urbem caperet se accensurum esse.

1. If you touch this, you will be punished.

2. If we were to do this, we should make-a-mistake.

3. If we fought with the enemy, we should win.

4. If I die, said the old man, I shall leave my property

to my children.

5. If we climb this mountain, we shall perish.

6. If any ship were to come into the harbour, I should

like to sail.

7. If you do not obey my orders, you will be punished.

8. If you had not done this, you would not now1 be

undergoing punishment.

104

9. If you see my brother, ask him to come to me.

10. The old man said that if he could not obtain-his-

request, he should die.

11. I will do this, if I can.2

12. Caesar promised his men to give them rewards, if they

took the city.

13. The celebrated philosopher declared that he would

have been illustrious, if he had been an Athenian.

14. If you do this, you see me to-day for the last time.

15. If so many examples of valour do not move you,

nothing will ever move you.

16. If you had not helped us, we should certainly have

perished.

17. My friend promised to come here if he could.

18. I shall go to Rome to-morrow, if nothing hinders me.

19. If we had not been dining, we should have welcomed

you.

20. If you were to go-on-learning for twenty years, you

would not be able to sing.

21. That boy always runs away, if I ask him to bathe.

22. He said he would have come to me, if he had not

been prevented by illness.

23. If you do not come, I shall-be-sorry.

24. If the soldiers had been brave, they would not now

be captives.

25. If you were to shout, no one could hear you.

NOTES.

(1) Now is not to be translated, but merely shows that the

Imperfect Tense is to be used.

(2) If I can = if I shall be able. Notice this idiom.

105

EXERCISE XXV.

SYNTAX NOTES.
CONCESSIVE CLAUSES.

Concessive Clauses are introduced by the Conjunctions
etst, etiamsi, tametsi (although, whereas, even if) with the Sub-
junctive, in the case of an unlikely supposition; with the
Indicative, when a fact is stated.

Also by quamquam (although), which is nearly always followed
by the Indicative.

Also by quamvis, licet, ut (granting that, even allowing that)
-with the Subjunctive as : —

^ quamquam urbem accendtt, tauten civibus pepercit.
Caesar, although he burnt the city, nevertheless spared
the citizens.

COMPARATIVE CLAUSES.

Comparative Clauses are most shortly introduced by the
Conjunctions tanquam and quasi (as if, as though) followed
by the Subjunctive Mood (usually in the Imperfect Tense),
.as : —

Amo te quasi f rater esses.

I love you as though you were my brother.

106
The fuller form of this Construction would be : —

Tarn amo te, perinde ac si amarem te, sifrater esses.

I so love you, exactly as I should love you, if you

were my brother [you not being my brother, or

likely to be].

This accounts for the apparent breaking of the rule of
Consecution of Tenses in the first example, esses being really
the * if Clause ' of a Conditional Sentence, of which the ' then
Clause ' is suppressed.

1. The Romans, although they were weary with march-

ing, yet advanced in order.

2. The soldiers lay as if they were dead.

3. Although you are not able to come to me, yet I beg

you to write to me.

4. The general, though he knew not where the enemy's

camp was, yet set out with all his forces.

5. Caesar swore that he would not return to the camp,

unless as a conqueror.

6. He eats as though he had not eaten for many days.

7. While these things were going on at Rome, the Gauls

were stirring up rebellion among the cities friendly
to the Romans.

8. Do not set out until you have received a letter from

me.

9. Phocion was a poor man, though he could have been

very rich.

10. We love our house, though it is a small one.

11. That which is dishonourable, although it is hidden,

yet does not become honourable.

107

12. I should have fallen, if you had not held me up.

13. We must obey the laws, though they be unjust.

14. You must guard your house, lest thieves enter.

15. Though worn out with pain, still I will endeavour to

come to you in a few days.

16. I can hear your voice, although I cannot see your

face.

17. He speaks as though he were a very old man.

18. Since this is the case, I must leave Italy at once.

19. The noise was so great that no one cculd sleep.

20. There are some who are so dull as not to understand

this.

21. When this was made known, all the citizens mourned.

22. On arriving at Rome, Caesar collected all his friends

together, and addressed them.

23. The minds of the citizens were so much changed

towards Pericles, that an open rebellion broke out.

24. The boys were afraid that their father when he

returned would punish them.

25. The soldiers thereupon raised a shout, and charged

the enemy's cavalry.

26. As soon as Caesar reached the town, he assembled

the allies, and exhorted them not to despair.

27. When the barbarians arrived, our men at once

attacked them.

28. When Caesar arrived, he sent for the captains of the

tenth legion.

29. These men were killed before our soldiers arrived.

30. Before crossing the river, the general sent out scouts

to reconnoitre.

31. Aristides was exiled from his country for1 being too

just.

108

32. I will give you a reward on condition2 of your catch

ing the robber.

33. Since you so order it, I will come to you.

34. If you are afraid of the dog, he will bite you.

35. Whilst the general was speaking, a messenger sud-

denly entered.

36. He hastened to Rome, to defend the city.

37. Though the Romans seemed to have gained-the-day,

yet they had lost many brave men.

38. At daybreak a messenger arrived, bringing-word

that the enemy were encamped near the town,

39. The messenger was so weary that he could scarcely

utter a word.

NOTES.

(1) For being = because.

(2) On condition of=if.

109

EXERCISE XXVI.

SYNTAX NOTES.

ORATIO OBLIQUA.

Oratio Obliqua or Indirect Speech, is the words of a
speaker reported indirectly, in the Third Person.

When a speaker's actual words are used it is Oratio Recta..
The Chief Rules of Oratio Obliqua are :—

1. Only the Third Person of Verbs can be used.

2. Only Pronouns of the Third Person can be used.

3. All Verbs, which in the actual words used, are Verbs

of direct statement, and so in the Indicative Mood,
become Accusative and Infinitive in Oratio
Obliqua.

4. All Verbs which are in Subordinate Clauses in Oratio

Recta, must be in the Subjunctive Mood in Oratio
Obliqua.

5. If the Verb which introduces the Oratio Obliqua

is in a Historic Tense (and it usually is so), then
all the finite Verbs in Oratio Obliqua must
be in a Historic Tense; if otherwise, they must
be all Primary.

110

6. Certain words are necessarily changed, as : —
ORATIO RECTA. ORATIO OBLIQUA.

mine becomes tune,

ho die. „ illo die.

heri „ priore die.

eras ,, poster o die.

( illic.
htc » Ubi.

7. Imperatives (/>., Direct Commands) in Oratio

Recta become Indirect Commands in Oratio
Obliqua; ut being usually omitted, but not, of
course, ne.

8. Direct Questions in Oratio Recta in the Second

Person become Indirect Questions in Oratio Obliqua.
Questions in the First or Third Persons in Oratio
Recta become Accusative and Infinitive (retaining
the Interrogative word) in Oratio Obliqua.

N.B. — If a remark or explanation by the speaker or writer,
or a description of something actually existing apart
from what is being related, occurs in a Subordinate
Clause, then the Indicative is used, as : —

Caesar was informed that the inhabitants
of Sulmo (a town which is near Cor-
finium), were willing to surrender.

Casar certior factus est incolas Sulmonis (qua prope
Corfinium est) se dedere velle.

Here the Clause in brackets is merely a remark of the
writer, and not part of the information given to
Ccesar.

Ill

Virtual Oratio Obliqua occurs when the thoughts or
words or alleged reasons of another person are expressed,
-as : —

Aristides patria expulsus esf, quod prceter modum Justus
esset.

Aristides was driven from his country, because, as people
said, he was just beyond measure.

Convert into Oratio Obliqua the following sentences
imagining the words ' Ccssar dixit Caio ' to be pre-
fixed in each case: —

1. For how much did you buy that farm? I am

desirous of buying a farm near the city.

2. I know not what to do with * the boys.

3. I seem to myself to have erred, because2 I have left

my native country.

4. You are not the man to boast.

5. My friends wish to banish you from the country.

6. I do not think myself worthy of so great an honour.

7. You recovered the money by force, which was taken

by fraud.

8. I do not doubt that you will return to-morrow.

9. I sent a messenger to the general, to announce to

him that you had returned home.

10. If I had received the letters, I would read them

aloud now.

11. I will remain here till until you come.

12. Wait until you have heard everything.

112

13. To me, indeed, Lentulus does not seem inferior

Titus.

14. What do the soldiers think of this treachery?

15. Let our men depart to their homes ; we have routed

the enemy in a single battle.

16. Why do the enemy delay? I myself will lead the

army to battle on the morrow.

17. When will you return to your country and your

friends ?

18. If I had not seen you to-day, I should not have

believed this report.

19. Take possession of the citadel ; set fire to the houses,

but spare the citizens.

20. If our men had not surprised the town, we should

not have taken it so quickly.

21. Do not place your soldiers in front of this wood.

22. I am not skilled in sailing ; I prefer a journey by

-land.

23. The magistrates have ordered me to release the

prisoners before night,

24. Let those who are able to swim cross the river as

quickly as possible.

25. Whither can I fly ? there is no one to help me.

NOTES.

(1) With = concerning ; express by de.

(2) Because, express by qui with the Subjunctive.

IDIOMATIC PHRASES AND SENTENCES

IN ENGLISH AND LATIN.

ENGLISH.

1. A slave of mine.

2. He reduced the barbarians

to subjection.

3. The battle took place.

4. As the Romans do.

5. Such was his foresight.

6. As we have seen in the case

of Cczsar.

7. As the evening drew nigh.

8. In the open air.

9. On the flank. In the van.

10. On the right wing. In
the rear.

i T. He got his son taught.

12. Quicker than was ex-

pected.

13. / cannot help going.

LATIN.

1. Quidam e servis meis.

2. Barbarossuaeditionis fecit.

3. Pugnatum est.

4. More Romanorum.

5. Qua erat prudentia.

6. Quod in Csesare vidimus.

7. Sub vesperum.

8. Sub divo.

9. A latere. A fronte.

10. A dextro cornu. A tergo.

n. Filium docendum curavit.
12. Opinione celerius.

Facere non possum quin
earn.

Non possum non ire.

114

ENGLISH.

14. Till late at night.

15. On purpose.
1 6. Anew.

17. Unexpectedly.

1 8. As occasion requires.

19. Where in the world 1

20. Much greater.

21. Far otherwise.

22. Zfe « /» debt.

LATIN.

14. Ad multam noctem.

15. De industria.

1 6. De novo.

17. De improvise.

1 8. Pro re nata.

19. Ubi terrarum?

20. Multo major.

21. Longe aliter.

22. In sere alieno est.

23. As far as I am concerned 23. Per me licet.

24. Apud me.

25. Sapientissimus quisque.

26. Decimo quoque anno,

27. Absentem reum fecerunt.

28. Coactus fecit.

29. Iratus fecit.

30. Nihil periculi.

31. Legem tulit ne quis . . .

32. He had a prosperous 32. Ex sententia navigavit.
voyage.

33 Hardly anyone came. 33. Fere nemo venit

34. Deprived of his rights as 34. Capite deminutus.
a citizen.

24. At my house.

25. All the wisest men.

26. Every ten years.

27. 7%<fy accused him in his

absence.

28. He did it under compulsion.

29. He did it angrily.

30. .Afo danger.

31. Zte passed a law that no

115

ENGLISH.

35. On trial for high treason 35.

and embezzlement.

36. With all onJs might. 36.

37. / never see him without 37.

laughing.

38. The city was taken without 38.

a man being killed.

39. He came without de- 39.

laying.

40. He went away without 40.

speaking.

41. He will not believe without 41.

seeing.

42. (9# M<? motion of Cicero, the 42.

measure was proposed.

43. ^/ the urgent request of 43,

Cicero, the measure was
carried.

44. An opportunity offered. 44.

45. Rearguard. Vanguard. 45.

Reinforcements. Auxil-
iaries.

46. To pitch a camp ; to break 46.

^ # camp.

47. To sound a retreat.

48. 7tf>/>z fo#/<?.

49. 72? declare war.

47.
48.
49.

LATIN.

Reus majestatis et rerum
repetundarum.

Pro viribus.

Eum nunquam video quin
rideam.

Urbs capta est, ne uno
quidem interfecto.

Haud moratus venit.
Abiit, neque locutus est,
Credere nonvult nisi videat

Auctore Cicerone, lex lata
est.

Instante Cicerone, lex
perlata est.

Data est facultas.

Primum agmen. Novissi-
mum agmen. Subsidia.
Auxilia.

Castra ponere j castra
movere.

Receptui canere.
Proelium committere.
Bellum indicere.

116

ENGLISH.

50. To aim at a revolution.

51. To take the oath.

52. To sell as spoil.

5 3. To sell as a slave.

54. To cheat.

55. Some ran one way, others

another.

56. Each will do his own

business.

57. I am different from what

I once was.

58. Many great dangers.

59. He was alike faithless in

peace and war.

60. We were almost perishing.

6 1. The sooner the better.

62. He was more brave than

cautious.

63. The day after the battle.

64. Beyond belief.

65. For heaven's sake.

66. Instead of fighting^ they

fled.

67. The extraordinary ability

he showed.

68. A famous general.

LATIN.

50. Novis rebus studere.

51. In verba jurare.

52. Sub hasta vendere.

53. Sub corona vendere.

54. Verba dare.

55. Alii alio currebant.

56. Suum quisque negotium

faciet.

57. Alius sum atque olim fui.

58. Multa et magna pericula.

59. Tarn in pace quam in

bello infidus erat.

60. Minimum abfuit quin

periremus.

6 1. Quo citius, eo melius.

62. Fortior erat quam cautior.

63. Postridie pugnam.

64. Supra fidem.

65. Per te deos oro.

66. Quum pugnare deberent,

terga hostibus dedere.

67. Ingenium, quod singulare

praestitit.

68. Dux praeclarus.

117

ENGLISH.

69. An infamous man. 69.

70. A mortal wound. 7°-

71. To aim at high office. 71.

7 2. The Senate and the Roman 7 2.
people decreed.

73. 7/fo spectators wondered. 73.

74-
75-
76.

77-
78.

74- Be sure to

75. The learned Cicero.

76. Your brave father.

77. Hz puts on his toga.

78. To be hurtful to.

80.

79. To go out of office. 79

80. To inflict punishment on

anyone.

81. What news ? 81.

82. To bring an action against 82.

anyone for bribery.

83. To be condemned for em- 83.

bezzlement.

84. A three days1 march. 84.

85. There is a great difference 85.

between reviling and
accusing.

LATIN.

Vir famosus.
Vulnus mortiferum.
Honores petere.

Senatus populusque Ro-
manus decrevit.

Qui haec videbant, mira-
bantur.

Fac venias.

Cicero, vir doctissimus.

Pater tuus, vir fortissinius.

/ Induit se toga

or,
\ Togam sibi induit.

|Detrimento >
( Damno )

Magistratu abire.

( Pcena | aliquem
( Supplicio ) afficere.

Quid novi?

Aliquem de ambitu reum
facere.

De rebus repetundis dam-
nari.

Tridui iter.

Aliud est maledicere,
aliud accusare.

118

ENGLISH.

LATIN.

86. / questioned one of the 86. Nescio quern prope ad-

stantium interrogavi.

87. Utinam adsit !

88. Dignus est qui laudetur.

bystanders.

87. Would that he were here !

88. He deserves to be praised.

89. To sail down the stream.

90. The battle oj Canna.

91. To be brief.

89. ( Secundo \ flumine

( Adverse ; navigare.

90. Proelium Cannense.

91. Quid plura dicam ?

92. Within the memory of man. 92. Post hominum memoriam.

93. Marcia, the wife of Cato. 93. Catonis Marcia.

94. To Cicero's house.

**» J) 5>

95. Every other day.

96. His -object is to . . .

Ciceronem.

94. (Ad

} Apud

95. Alternis diebus.

96. Id agit ut . . .

97. I congratulate you on doing 97. Gratulor tibi quod hoc

this.

facis.

98. 77 is now many years since. 98. Multi sunt anni quum.

99. When I come I shall inform 99. Quum venero,tecertiorem

you.
100. To lay a charge.

faciam.
100. Crimen deferre.

MISCELLANEOUS SENTENCES.

1. The consuls threatened that they would kill the
men who had taken up arms against the state.

2. When he had been at home five days, he ordered
his slaves to set out for Italy to bring his daughter
home.

3. Do you not understand why I ask these things,
you clever boys ?

4. There are some who are so idle as never to read
for the sake of learning ; do not be such as these.

5. The river is so long that the ships can scarcely
reach the town where the general has been besieged a
long time, but there is no doubt that he lives.

6. I fear that the men we have sent are prevented
from giving him assistance.

7. A certain man, many years ago, discovered that

vapor

steam was able to move vast weights.

8. Urged by the desire of benefiting his citizens, he
told the truth to the Gauls.

9. They all said that he was mad, and put him in

mens

prison to restore his senses.

10. Overcome by injustice and the desire of completing
his work, he became mad.

IT. His guards showed him to a certain very wise
philosopher, who listened attentively to his words.

12. They then asked the philosopher, not without
laughter, what he thought about the madman.

13. He answered very sadly that a man had been
made mad by injustice, who had discovered things
before unheard of, and had been wiser than all other
men.

14. My brother hopes to remain at Rome for three
months : he will then, perhaps, go from Rome to Athens :
and will return home in the autumn.

15. The farmer told his wife that he had seen a snake
in the wood. She asked him whether he had killed it,
but he said that he had run away as fast as possible.

1 6. We all jumped into the water to show you what
sort of boys we were.

17. I did not advise you to sing while you were ill.

1 8. My father told me not to write that letter: you,
no doubt, heard what he said.

19. The general did not praise the soldier, although
he admired his courage.

20. If you were suddenly to become a rich man, you
would not be happier.

21. I believe that you understand what I say.

22. The thieves did not attack the house, because, as
they said, it contained neither gold nor gems.

23. If I have never deceived you, you will certainly
believe my words.

24. I shall take off these clothes because they are
wet.

25. The inhabitants retained the hope of preserving
their liberty.

121

26. I sent my servant to inform you of this : but you
were so foolish that you did not believe him.

2J. This man appears desirous of slandering his
friends.

28. Horatius Codes was the first to post himself at
the extremity of the bridge.

29. There is a tradition that, at Athens, once upon a
time an old man entered the theatre.

30. The soldiers hoped that their general would return
to them.

31. He had had, he assured me, many friends and few
enemies.

32. You and I have been good citizens, but the Roman
people will not give us the honour which we seek.

33. They asked me if I knew how the enemy had
fought.

34. The Athenians accused Socrates of corrupting
young men.

35. They were advised to depart, so off they went.

36. You are not the boys to waste time ! No, by no
means !

37. Nothing is so difficult as to be impracticable.

38. A quarrel having arisen between the two brothers,
the elder of them departed, for he said that he would
not kill the son of his own father.

39. The sooner you go away, the better it will be
for us.

40. He asked whether these things were true, and I
told him that they were not.

122

41. We shall not be safe if Cicero is killed.

42. The general ordered the soldiers who were worthy
of praise to be collected.

43. Do not read many books, but a few useful ones
often, in order that what you know, you may know
well.

44. Don't you think that it is good to rise early and
to go to rest before it is late ?

45. Having lived at Athens for ten years, he went to
Rome to see his sister, who loved him very much.

46. We must spare our horses, if we have them, for
going long journeys.

47. A merciful man is merciful to his beast.

48. He fell upon the spot where he stood in triumph
ten years ago.

49. ~If you and your wife say that you did see the
bird, I believe you, and ask your forgiveness.

50. Writers say that our infantry crossed the river,
which was deep, at the same time ; but the cavalry were
the first to land.

51. It disgusts me; but still it must be done, though
I shall repent of it.

52. I do not doubt about his coming.

54. I have asked him to stay at Rome, but I fear that
he will not do so.

54. He sent the legates home, and commanded the
soldiers to capture the city.

55. He told the consuls that, when the camp had been
pitched, he would come himself to see the soldiers.

123

56. Do not fear the dog ; he feeds on cats and fowls,
not rabbits.

57. My sister and I were drawing the cart to town.

58. The birds call you boys robbers, and conceal
themselves from you.

59. The wild beasts, which have been wounded, are
cruel.

60. The wise son knows his own father, and not only
fears but loves him.

61. The top of the mountain was white with snow.

62. The captives will obey their masters, who will send
them home to-morrow.

63. There is a palace at Carthage with many riches ;
have you not seen it ?

64. The big rabbit in his lifetime was useless ; when
dead we valued him highly.

65. We shall not pardon the boys who gather the best
flowers now.

66. Do not ask me for silver; I will give you what you
wish to-morrow, if you please me.

67. Have you not punished the robbers by whom you
and your sister were frightened yesterday?

68. There are some who think that Caius is pretending.

69. Who can deny that the man is dead ?

70. He said that, if he had promised anything, he
would do it.

71. I will ask whether these things were done by day
or night.

72. He first asked me my opinion.

124

73- This being so, we must spare those who resist us.

74. If any one does this well, he will have pleased the
master.

75. He asked his sister to give him a book.

76. If you had loved your father, you would not have
suffered this.

77. I am afraid the dog bites.

78. He was so far from running away, that he slew
the enemy's general.

79. Having followed the dogs for four hours, I re-
turned home, because (as I thought) my horse was tired.

80. The more I teach, the more they learn.

8 1. I flogged the men who hurt animals, and my
friend did the same when he was consul.

82^ A good general learns to lead by reading and
hearing.

83. Do you envy the master or the boy ? Come, say !

84. This is the house that Jack built, and here is the
corn that lay in the house that Jack built.

85. The soldiers, by whom the city was taken, had
gone away.

86. I will advise the boy to follow the counsels of his
father, which he gave when alive.

87. My sister and I asked the boys for the book they
had.

88. The house is so large, that it is always cold with-
out a fire.

89. We do not doubt that you can write a letter well,
so do it at once.

125

go. Shew me the way to the wood, and I will cut
down some trees for you.

91. I tell you this that you may enjoy the day by
watching me.

92. The wretched horse was so tired that he could
not draw the carriage, so we had to walk.

93. He was the first to promise to help me two years
ago, and I am grateful to him.

94. That soldier was worthy of being made consul,
but instead he was condemned to death.

95. We must all allow that fortune favours the brave.
Do you not think so ?

96. We envy you your youth, for you have time to
learn how to be wise as old men.

97. Do not think these questions hard, but answer
bravely.

98. Those audacious men asked the king for a horse,
and he commanded them to steal one.

99. The sailors who had black eyes, had fought for
nine hours at Corinth.

100. Their wives asked them why they had fought.

101. We call water pure, but all water is not like this.

102. Birds do not build nests in winter, but I know a
bird which has four eggs at this time.

103. A barking dog cannot bite, he ceases to bark when
he bites.

104. We have been made singers, and have been
ordered to remain at home.

105. Having taken the city, the general made the tower
a ruin.

126

106. My dog and I went to town, and the doctor said
the dog was ill.

107. He asked me what I had been doing at home.

1 08. The soldiers were persuaded to spare the woman,
with you as their leader.

109. The master said that his leg was broken.

1 10. The ashes of my book are to be seen by all.

in. The judge promised to give me the key of the
house.

112. You asked me, as a boy, to learn the art of
singing.

113. The big dog always urges robbers to depart
quickly.

114. For four years my friend has gone to the river
to batrTe at daybreak, but to-day he remains in the town.

115. Children must be sent to gather flowers for
honouring the Temple at Delphi.

116. If you have obeyed your masters, you will easily
write these words ! I hope you will do this. Farewell.

1 17. You will find that the mountain is too high to be
ascended.

1 1 8. It is the part of a wise general to observe the
motions of the enemy.

119. I am persuaded that the country is ruined.

120. He declared, that the town they loved must be
quitted, that they had no hope of assistance ; they must
take arms and fight a way through the enemy ; it was
noble to die for one's country.

127

121. Everybody went to the country in order that
they might not die, since the town was full of disease.

122. I beseech you not to spare all those whom you
have conquered.

123. It is agreed that this man is very wicked, for he
has slain his father with his sword.

124. The general asked the ambassador whether he
desired peace.

125. When asked what his name was, he replied that
he was called Rufus.

126. To be happier, you have need of more books.

127. While he was walking home, he was cast into
prison, because (said they) he was breaking the laws of
his country.

128. Such was his strength, that he could overthrow
the temple of Jupiter.

129. Having said that he would love her, he kept his
word, because he feared the anger of her mother.

130. For ten hours he was without food; in the
eleventh he thought that he would die.

131. We ought to know that singing is less useful
than riding.

132. The soldiers hoped that Caesar would not leave
the town.

133. They were sent into the fields to reap the corn.

134. The ships must be left in the harbour.

135. Caesar did not know where the enemy was.

136. They are so skilful, that they can turn their
horses in a very small place.

128

137- On that day the fleet will return home, but they
have been there many years.

130. The Athenians were building the walls of their
city. This the Lacedaemonians took amiss; * but Themis-
tocles deceived them by the following stratagem. He
went to Sparta as an ambassador, and denied to the
Lacedaemonians that the walls were building. " But,"
says he, "if you do not believe me, send trusty men,
who may inspect the city, and do ye detain me in the
meanwhile." They did so.

139. The king, betrayed by his slaves, was killed; and
the consul, having led out his forces, finished the war
by a great victory.

140. Caesar said that he had sent two lieutenants to
lead out the army which he had prepared for that
purpose.

141. My sister and I lived at Carthage for three years,
but, soon after, we left that town, and went to Rome.

142. To deceive is reckoned base, to be deceived
mournful.

143. Romulus is reported to have become a god.

144. The hopes which we cherish are often deceitful.

145. The senate judged Catilina an enemy of the
Commonwealth.

146. Terentia, Cicero's wife, died at-the-age-of 103
years.

147. What is better or what more excellent than
kindness?

* yEre ferre.

129

148. Never was it heard that a crocodile or a cat was
injured by an Egyptian.

149. Theocritus was born at Syracuse, but lived also
at Alexandria.

150. I am ashamed of my dulness, you are not ashamed
of yours.

151. Truth is so strong, that nothing can weaken it.

152. O my son, I fear you will not be long-lived.

153. They chose ten praetors to command the army.

154. I doubt not that there were poets before Homer

155. We must take care to use the fittest words.

156. The kingdom of Alba was Numitor's ; but his
brother, Amulius, a wicked man, held the supreme
power, until Numitor's grandchildren, Romulus and
Remus, deposed and killed him, and restored their
grandfather, who afterwards enjoyed the sovereignty till
his death. Rome, the capital of Latium, founded by
Romulus, was built on seven hills. Six kings succeeded
Romulus, the last of whom, Tarquin, being expelled, two
consuls were elected yearly.

157. I was not unmindful of my boyhood, for I then
spent many happy days at Corinth.

158. We ran to the door, but before we reached the
threshold, Caius himself bursts into the house ; he bitterly
sets forth his own injuries and calls me the author of
them all.

159. If an egg fall to the ground from a great height,
ten thousand men could not replace it again on the spot
it fell from.

130

160. While these things were going on in the Senate,
it was announced to the consul, a man of great bravery
and ability, that the enemy were approaching Rome, and
had pitched their camp on the banks of the Tiber. He
called the soldiers together, and exhorted them to be
brave, and to be prepared to die for their country. "You
see," he exclaimed, " what must be done ; I have trust in
you, and under my guidance you will do it."

131

SELECTED PIECES FOR LATIN PROSE.

i.

A certain trumpeter named Claudius, born at Rome,
was captured by the enemy in a war against the Gauls ;
he was a brave man, but had many sons and did not
wish for death. Therefore, he said to the soldiers who
had taken him, ' Do not kill me, for I am unarmed, and
have nothing in my hands except this trumpet which
was given me, I ask mercy of you ; and then I will
return to Rome, and live at home with my wife and
children.'

The enemies answered, ' Just on account of this, we
will kill you ; because unskilled in fighting yourself, you
are accustomed to incite others: prepare for death, you
have only a short time to live.' Not only must the
wicked be punished, but those who incite others to evil
deeds.

2.

Immediately ambassadors were sent to Carthage.
Their orders were simply to demand that Hannibal and
his principal officers should be given up because they

132

contra

had attacked the allies of Rome, in breach 0/the treaty,
and if this were refused, to declare war. The Cartha-
ginians tried to discuss the question, whether by the
attack on Saguntum they had broken the treaty ; but to
this the Romans would not listen. At length M. Fabius

colligo (3)

gathered up his toga, as if he was wrapping up some-
thing in it, and holding it out thus folded together, he
said, ' Behold, here are peace and war ; take which you
choose ? ' The Carthaginian suffete or judge answered,

"^ LAA* ' decutio

'Give whichever thou wilt.' Hereupon Fabius shook
out the folds of his toga, saying, ' Then here we give
you war ! ' to which several members of the council

accipio

shouted in answer, ' With all our hearts we welcome it.*
Thus the Roman ambassadors left Carthage, and re-
turned straight to Rome.

3.

They say that bears use wonderful stratagems in order
to catch deer, for they are not able to catch them by
running, since they are much swifter. The deer loves
to feed at the bottom of the mountain. The bear pur-
sues them by scent until hesees them. They say that
he then ascends the rock cautiously, and when he has
arrived at the summit, that he pushes down rocks at
them. Sometimes one of the deer is wounded by the
rock, and then the bear descends and seizes it.

133

4.

Caesar was fighting bravely with all his troops, when
he was told that an ambassador had arrived to see him.
He only asked him who he was, and whence he came,
and told him that he would make peace with his enemies
after the battle. After defeating the foe, Caesar received
him kindly, and sent him home loaded with gifts. The
legate thanked the general and left the camp ; if he had
not done so, he would have been killed by the soldiers.

5.
THEMISTOCLES I.

The anszver of the oracle about wooden walls in the
Second Persian War is so interpreted by Themis-
tocles^ as to save the Greeks.

Xerxes waged war against the whole of Europe with
such great forces as no one ever had before or afterwards.
For his fleet consisted of twelve hundred men of war,
which were followed by two thousand ships of burden ;
and the land forces consisted of seven hundred thousand
foot soldiers, and four hundred thousand horse. And
when the report of their approach had been brought
to Greece, and it was said that the Athenians were

maxime peti

the principal objects of attack on account of the battle of

consulo

Marathon, they sent to Delphi to inquire what they
should do with their property. The Pythia answered

134

them, when they consulted (the oracle), that they should
fortify themselves with walls of wood. And when no

quo valeo

one understood what the meaning of the answer was,

consilium

Themistocles persuaded them that Apollo's meaning
was that they should collect themselves and their

significo

property into ships, for that was the wooden wall meant
by the god. Having approved of this advice, they add to

superior

the ships they had before as many triremes, and carry all
their property which could be moved, partly to Salamis,
and partly to Troezen ; they deliver the citadel to the
priests and a few old men, for preserving the sacred rites,
and the rest of the town they abandon.

6.
THEMISTOCLES II.

The Battles of Thermopylce and Artemisium.

(B.C. 480.)
The advice of Themistocles was not acceptable to

placebat

most of the states, and it was resolved that a battle
should be fought on land. Therefore chosen men were

sent with Leonidas, king of the Lacedaemonians, to

occupo

seize Thermopylae, and to prevent the barbarians from

advancing any further. They could not withstand the
force of the enemy, and all perished in that spot. But

135
the united fleet of Greece of three hundred ships, of

confligere cum

which two hundred were the Athenians', first encountered

classiarius

the king's naval forces at Artemisium, between Eubcea

qusero

and the mainland; for Themistocles made for the straits,

circumeo multitude

that he might not be hemmed in by numbers. Here,

pari proelio

although they dispersed after a drawn battle, yet they
did not dare to remain in the same spot ; because there

supero

was danger that, if part of the enemy's ships doubled

anceps

Eubcea, they would be pressed by a two-fold danger.

quo factum est

The consequence was that they dispersed from Arte-

constituo adversus

misium, and drew up their fleet at Salamis, opposite to
Athens.

THEMISTOCLES III.

Themistocles defeats Xerxes off Salamis by stratagem.
But Xerxes, after the capture1 of Thermopylae, at once

accede

approached the city, and destroyed it by fire, no one
defending it, after having killed 2 the priests whom he
found in the citadel. And when the naval forces, panic-
stricken by the news of this disaster, did not dare to

quisque

remain, and many advised that each should depart to
1 Abl. abs. 2 Abl. abs.

136
his own1 home, and defend himself with walls, Themisto-

resisto universus

cles alone withstood (them), and affirmed2 that, if they kept
together, they might be equal to the Persians, but, if they

tester

dispersed, he gave it as his firm opinion, that they would

affirmo

perish, and he assured Eurybiades,3 king of the Lacedae-

summoe imperil praeerat

• monians, who at that time had the supreme command,

moveo

that that would happen. Since he influenced him less
than he wished,4 he sent the most faithful slave he had

suis verbis

to the king by night, to tell him, from him. that his
adversaries were flying ; and, if they had dispersed, they

labor

would finish the war with greater trouble and in a longer

singuli

time, when he was compelled to pursue them one by one ;
but, if he attacked them at once, he would in a short

universus

time crush them when they were united. This advice

eo valebat ingratiis

had such weight that all were compelled against their

ad depugnandum.

will to fight it out. Xerxes, on hearing this, believing

nihil doli subesse

that no stratagem was behind, fought on the next day in

alienus opportunus

a spot most unfavourable to himself, and most favourable
for his enemies, in a sea so narrow that the vast number

explico Ergo

of his ships could not be spread otit. So he was defeated
rather by the advice of Themistocles, than by the arms
of Greece.

1 PI. 2 Imperf. 3 Dat. c, 4 Subj.

137

8.
THEMISTOCLES IV.

Themistocles by a clever message deceives Xerxes, and
frees Greece.

Although Xerxes had managed the affair badly, yet
he had such great forces left, that, even with these, he
could crush his enemies. Again he was driven from the
same favourable position. For Themistocles, fearing

persevere bellare

that he would continue to wage war, informed him that

id agi

it was now intended that the bridge, which he had made

dissolve ille

across'1 the Hellespont, should ^destroyed, and that he

exclude reditu

should be prevented from returning into Asia ; and he

persuadeo

convinced him of this. So, by the same way by which
he had marched in six months, he returned into Asia in
less than thirty days, and declared that he had not been
defeated by Themistocles, but preserved by him. Thus,
by one man's cleverness, Greece was set free, and Asia
succumbed to Europe.

1 In. abl.

138

9.
THEMISTOCLES V.

Themistocles builds the harbour of Piraus and the walls
of Athens ; the Lacedcemonians object.

Themistocles was distinguished in the war, and no
less (so) in peace : for when the Athenians were using
the harbour of Phalerum, (which was) neither a large
nor good one, by his advice, the threefold harbour of

circumdo

Piraeus was constructed, and it was surrounded with

sequiparo dignitas

walls,1 to equal the city itself in beauty. The same man
restored the walls of the Athenians at his own extreme
peril. _ For the Lacedaemonians, saying that no city
outside Peloponnesus ought to have fortified places for

possideo prohibeo ne

the enemy to occupy, tried to prevent the Athenians from

Hoc longe alio spectabat atque

building. The object of this was very different from what

videri.

they wished it to appear. For the Athenians by two
victories, Marathon and Salamis, had obtained such
great renown among all nations, that the Lacedaemonians

intelligo sibi cum his

foresaw that there would be a dispute with them about

principatus

the chief command. Wherefore they desired that they

quam postquam

should be as weak 2 as possible. But when they heard 3

1 Dative. 2 Superlat. 3 Perf. indie.

139

that the walls were being built, they sent ambassadors
to Athens to forbid it to be done. On their arrival the
Athenians stopped, and said they would send ambassa-
dors to them on this matter. This embassy Themistocles

prsecipio

undertook, and at first set out alone ; he gave orders

turn quum

that the rest of the ambassadors should not set out until
the height of the wall seemed sufficient ; meanwhile that

opus facere neque

everyone, slaves and children, should work, and spare

ullus

no place, whether it was sacred or profane, public or
private, which they thought fit for fortifying. The con-

consto ex

sequence was that the walls of the Athenians consisted of
chapels and tombstones,

10.
THEMISTOCLES VI.

Themistocles deceives the Lacedcemonians, and censures

them,
But Themistocles, when he came to Lacedsemon, was

magistrates dare operam ut duco

unwilling to approach the Ephors, and took care to spin
out the time as much as possible, giving as his reason
that he was waiting for his colleagues. Meanwhile, the
rest of the ambassadors arrived. And when he had
heard from them that not much of the fortifications

140

supersum accedere ad

remained (to be done), he had an audience of the Ephors,

contendo apud

and asserted before them that false tidings had been

defero his

brought to them ; wherefore it was right that they should
send good and distinguished men, in whom they trusted,

explore

to inquire into the matter ; meanwhile, that they should

mos gero

retain him as a hostage. His request was granted, and

honor

three ambassadors, wJw had filled**- the highest offices^
were sent to Athens. Themistocles ordered his col-

prsedico

leagues to set out with them, and charged them not to
send away the Athenian ambassadors before he himself
had been released. When he thought that they had
arrived at Athens, he had an audience of the Ephors

liberrime profiteer

and senate of the Lacedaemonians, and stoutly maintained
before them that the Athenians, by his advice, had
fortified with walls the public gods, the gods of their
native land, and their household gods, that they might
the more easily defend them from the enemy : and that
in that they had not done what was useless for Greece.

propugnaculum

For that their city was a stronghold in the way of the

apud

barbarians, before which the king's fleet had already
twice suffered shipwreck. But that the Lacedaemonians

qui

had acted badly and unjustly, for they had rather had

1 part, fungor.

HI

intueor utilis ipse dominatio

an eye to what concerned their own supremacy, than to
what concerned the whole of Greece. Wherefore, if they
wished to receive back their own ambassadors, they
must release him, otherwise they would never receive
them back into their country.

11.

The Battle of Arbela. (B.C. 331.)
I.

Meanwhile, Alexander, that he might march round
the place of ambush pointed out by a deserter, and

occuro

meet Darius, who was defending the wing, ordered his

obliquus

line to advance sideways. Darius also directed his line
to the same place, having warned Bessus to order the
Massagetan cavalry to attack Alexander's left wing

falcalus

from the side. He himself kept before him the scythe
chariots, and, on a given signal, he poured them in a
body against the enemy. The charioteers rushed on
with slackened reins to overwhelm the enemy by an
unforeseen attack. Some, therefore, were cut to pieces

temo

by the spears which projected beyond the chariot poles,
others by the scythes fastened to both sides. And the
Macedonians did not give way by degrees, but their
ranks were thrown into confusion by a headlong flight.

142

perculsus

Mazaeus struck terror into the disheartened men, having
ordered a thousand horsemen to be brought up for

diripio

plundering the baggage, believing that the captives
would break their chains, when they saw their friends
approaching.

12.

Battle of Arbela.
II.

fallo

This did not escape the notice of Parmenio, who was
on the left ; therefore he quickly sent Polydamas to the

ostendo

king to point out to him the danger, and to consult what
ought to be done. He replied, * Go, tell Parmenio, that
if we win the battle we shall not only retake our own
property, but also seize that of the enemy. Wherefore
let him not draw off any men from the battle, but let

contemno

him fight bravely, giving no thought to the loss of the

turbo

baggage.' Meanwhile, the barbarians had made havoc
among the baggage, and, most of the guards being slain,
the captives burst their chains, and seized whatever
came in their way to arm themselves, and, having joined
their own cavalry, charged the Macedonians who were

circumvenio

hemmed in on both sides: and those who were round

143

Sisygambis, overjoyed, announced that Darius had won
the day, and that the enemy was overwhelmed with
immense slaughter ; fot they believed that there was the
same good fortune on every side, and that the victorious

discurro ad

Persians had dispersed to the spoil. Sisygambis, when
the captives were exhorting her to ease her mind from

persevere

grief, remained in the same state as she was before.

vox excido

Not a word fell from her, her colour did not change,
she sat so motionless that it was doubtful to those who

malo

looked at her what she desired.

13.

Battle of Arbela.
III.

Meanwhile, Menidas, captain of Alexander's cavalry,
had come up to bring assistance to the baggage ; but
he could not withstand the charge of the Scythians and

certamen

Cadusii, and fled back to the king, when the skirmish

tento

had been scarcely begun, rather a witness of the loss of
the baggage than an avenger. Already grief had over-
come Alexander's advice, and he began to be alarmed

cura averto

that the anxiety of retaking their property had drawn

144

away the men from the battle. Therefore he sent
Aretes, captain of the spearmen, against the Scythians.

Meanwhile, the chariots which had harassed the line
in the front ranks had attacked the phalanx. The

animi

Macedonians received the charge with renewed courage,
their line was like a rampart, they had joined spears

suffodio ilia

and pierced \heflanks of those who charged them from
either side ; then they began to march round the chariots

and hurl down the charioteers : a terrific slaughter of

Hi
horses and charioteers completed the rout. The latter

rego

could not control their frightened horses, who by frequent
jerking of their necks had not only shaken off the yoke,
but also had overturned the chariots; the wounded
dragged on the slain, and were so terrified that they

consisto quadrigae

could not stand- their-ground. A fevi four-horse-chariots

escaped out of the battle, crushing with a miserable

incido

death those through whom they cut their way ; human
limbs, which had been cut off, lay on the ground ; and
because, while their wounds were still warm, they had
no pain, some of them, weak and mutilated, did not

omitto

even let go their arms, until, having lost much blood,
they fell down dead.

145

14

Battle of Arbela.
IV.

Meanwhile Aretes was terribly harassing the panic-
stricken Scythians, who were plundering the baggage
on the death of their leader. Then there came up the
Bactriani sent by Darius, and turned the fortune of the
battle. Therefore many Macedonians were slain at
the first charge, and the rest fled back to Alexander.

suffer o qualis

Then the Persians, raising a shout stick as victors are
wont to give, charged fiercely on the enemy, as though
they were routed on all sides. Alexander alone reproved
and exhorted his men, and renewed a battle which had
already grown slack, and bade them charge the enemy
now that their spirits had been at length restored.

rarior acies

There was only a skirmish on the Persian right wing,

discedo opprimo

for the Bactriani had gone away from it to fall upon the

laxatus

baggage. Therefore Alexander charged their weakened
ranks. Both lines were in confusion. Alexander had

a

an enemy both in front and in the rear; those who

premo

pressed on him from the rear were kept in check by the
Agrian cavalry, and the Bactriani, having thrown away

reversi

the enemy's baggage, when they returned, could not
recover their ranks. The two kings, with their armies

L

146

almost joined, urged on the fight. Many Persians fell :
nearly an equal number were wounded on each side :

vehebatur equus

Darius was in his chariot, Alexander on horseback :

uterque

chosen men guarded each of them, forgetful of themselves.
For if the king were lost1 they neither wished to be safe,
nor could be safe. Each man strove (to obtain) for
himself the glory of having slain the king.

15.

Battle of Arbela.
V.

oculorum ludibrium

But Whether it was an optical illusion, or whether it
was a real appearance, the men round Alexander believed

paululum

they saw, a little way above the king's head, an eagle
calmly flying, not alarmed by the sound of arms, or the
groans of the dying, and for a long while it seemed rather
like one hanging, than flying round Alexander's horse. At

certe

any rate the prophet Aristander, clad in a white robe, and
bearing in his right hand a laurel crown, pointed out the
bird to the soldiers, who were intent on the fight, as a

non dubius

sure omen of victory. Therefore a wondrous vigour and
confidence urged on to the fight those who had before

1 Abl, abs.

147

been panic-stricken, and presently Darius' charioteer, who,
sitting before him, was guiding the horses, was pierced by
a spear. Neither Persians nor Macedonians doubted

quin

that the king himself had been slain. Wherefore the

cognati artnigeri turbo

relations and adherents of Darius threw into confusion,
with a doleful wailing and shouting, the whole line of

adhuc mars

those who had hitherto fought x with equal result ; the
left wing had deserted the chariot, which was, however,
surrounded, and retaken by the right. It is said that
Darius, with his scimitar drawn, was in doubt whether or
no to avoid the disgrace of flight by an honourable death ;
and while he was hesitating between hope and despair,
by degrees the Persians began to give way, and to open
their ranks. Alexander, having changed his horse, — for
he had tired out many, — pierced the faces of those who
resisted him, the backs of those who fled. And now it
was not a battle, but a butchery, when Darius also
turned his chariot in flight.

1 Pres. part

16.

A peasant on the point of death, since he was not

excito
able to leave riches to his sons, wished to rouse their

minds to the desire of diligent cultivation^ of the fields,

1 Express by ad with ace. of gerund of colo and laboro.

148

and to earnest labour. He therefore summoned them
to him, and addressed them thus, ' My sons, you see how

vinea

my property stands ; but you must seek in my vineyard

servo

the money which I have saved during my life.' After
saying this, the old man died. The sons, thinking that

thesaurus

their father had hidden a treasure in the vineyard, take

ligo

their spades, and dig up the whole soil of the vineyard.
They indeed found no treasure, but by digging the soil

fecundus

they made it so fertile that the vines bore fruit most
abundantly.

17.

At length his mother Veturia, and his wife Volumnia,
with her two children, accompanied by many other
Roman matrons, proceeded to the camp of Coriolanus.
What the ambassadors of the Senate and the priests of
the gods had been unable to effect was accomplished by
the tears and entreaties of the women. Coriolanus
broke up his camp, and led his legions away from the
Roman territory. Some traditions relate x that he died

oppressus

immediately afterwards, overwhelmed with shame and
repentance ; whereas according to others, he continued
to live among the Volsci, and died an old man. The

1 Use 'sunt qui tradant.'

149

temple of Fortuna Muliebris is said to have been de-
dicated in commemoration l of the delivery of Rome by
the women.

1 Use *ob.'

18.
Hereupon James, firing his huts, starts covertly by the

per alta loca iter facere

help of the smoke, and keeping still on the high ground^
at last halts his troops. A little time after, the Earl,

stagnum

also traversing some bogs and marshes till he arrived
at the bottom of this mound, finding the ascent not very
difficult, encourages his men to fight. This done, he
marches up,1 the vanguard was commanded by his
two sons, the main line by himself, and the rear by
Stanley,2 the Lord Dacres, with his horse, being ap-
pointed as a reserve on all occasions. James, observing
this well, and judging that the enemy would fight at a
disadvantage,3 exhorts his men to behave themselves
like brave soldiers, and thereupon joins battle.

1 cf. Livy III. 18, in clivum aciem erigunt.

2 cf. Livy XXXIV. 28, equites agmen cogebant.

3 cf. praelium iniquum.

19.

While these things were going on, the cavalry had
been sent forward to Alba, to remove the multitude to

150

Rome. The legions were afterwards led thither to
demolish the city. When they entered the gates, there
was not indeed such tumult or panic as usually takes
place with captured cities when, the gates being burst

sterno

open, or the walls levelled by the ram, or the citadel
taken by assault, the shouts of the enemy and the rush

miscere omnia

of armed men through the city throw everything into
confusion ; but gloomy silence and speechless sorrow so
filled the minds of all, that through fear, doubtful what
they should leave, or what they should take with them,
and frequently waking inquiries^ of each other, they
stood at one time at their thresholds, at another wandered
about their houses in tears.

1 Use a Frequentative Verb.

20.

graviter moveor

The king seeing this was greatly affected. He said

singularis

that such fidelity was altogether unparalleled among the
Greeks : the example of his noble captive was one

cives

which his own subjects ought to follow. Then he re-
leased the chief of the enemy from his bonds, entertained

convivium

him at a rich banquet, and sent him back to his own

onustus

country, loaded with gifts of great value. After this

151

fidelis

there was maintained between these two people a loyal

continuus

and unbroken peace.

21.

Hannibal passed over into Italy with a great army ;
and if he had been able to join his brother Hasdrubal,
the Roman army would have been ruined. But Claudius,
having left part of his army in the camp, hastened to
Hasdrubal with a few chosen troops, and joined his
colleague Livius at break of day, at the river which we
have mentioned above.

*

When Csesar heard their plans he led his army into
the territory of Cassivellaunus, to the river Thames.
Now this river can only be crossed on foot at one place,
and there with difficulty. When he came there he
found that a large force of the enemy was on the other
bank of the river. So, calling his centurions, he exhorted
them, saying that they had already defeated the Britons
twice, and would now defeat them again if they obeyed
their general. The soldiers immediately ran to the
river, and went with such speed, that the enemy, not
being able to bear the charge, left the banks and took
to flight.

152

23.

But the king's mother, who was willing to forsake the
law of her fathers, sent for the chief men of the state,
and when they were come together, she showed them in

adsum

how great danger they were. They swore to stand-by

struo

her (in) whatever plan she should devise. So she went

to the king her son, and told him that she also wished
colo

to worship these new gods ; and begged that she might
receive the young maiden at her coming. The king

adversor

heard gladly that his mother did not opposed* marriage,

hospitio accipio

and bade her entertain the strangers as she would. So
the queen went forth to meet the bride and her train,

lautus

and prepared for them a sumptuous banquet, and invited
to it the king and all his counsellors. But when they
were all gathered in the queen's palace, and they were

conscius

present who were/ra/y to the plot, the doors were shut,
and the king and all the Christians slain, Constantia
only being left.

24.

curia

Caesar complaining one day that the senate was so
thinly attended]- Quintus Considius, who was advanced

1 Was too little frequented by the Fathers.

153

deindustria

in' years, told him that the senators purposely absented
themselves^ because they feared his arms and soldiers.
Caesar, pretending to take this freedom in good part?
addressed the old man in the following words: 'Why,
then, Considius, does not the same fear keep you at
home ? ' To this Considius replied that old age kept
him from all such dread ; for that the short space of life
that now remained to him was hardly worth his care.
Such reproaches must have been* unpleasant to Caesar,
yet he continued acting 4 in such a manner as to deserve
them daily.

1 Were absent. 2 To bear with even mind

8 It could not but be that such reproaches were.
4 Continued (ferstabat] to act.

25.

The army which Hasdrubal brought with him from
Carthage is said to have been small ; but after it arrived
in Italy, it became so formidable, that not only did the
Carthaginians themselves think that it could not easily

detrectare

be resisted,1 but even the Romans wished to decline

praelium

battle. Porcius, whose courage could not be doubted,
said that the Roman troops, who were so few, and whose
strength had been exhausted by a long march, ought

in aciem prodire

not to take the field immediately, but should be allowed

1 It could not be resisted to it.

154

recreare

a short time to refresh themselves. The brave consul,
however, said that the longer the Romans remained in-
active, the more fierce would the enemy be, and that
the delay of a single day might be ruinous.

26.
venator Indus vulnero

Once, when a hunter among the Indians had wounded

ursus procumbo edo miser

a bear, the bear whilst falling uttered a most grievous

vox
cry.

aggredior

The^ hunter came close to him, and addressed him thus :

ignavus simulo bellator

'Bear, you are a coward, &o& pretend to be a warrior,
though you are not one. If you were a warrior, you

lacrimor

would show yourself brave, and not cry like an old

anus

woman. You know that our tribes are at war with each

aggredior

other, and that you attacked us first. And, when you

validus

saw that the Indians were stronger than you, you began
to steal their hogs ; so that I do not doubt you have
hog's flesh in your belly now. If you had conquered
me, I should have borne it with courage, and died
like a brave warrior ; but you, bear, sit there and cry,

dedecoro

and disgrace your tribe by your cowardly conduct/

155

27.

diem dicere (alicui)

M. Pompon ius, a tribune of the people, impeached

quod gero

L. Manlius, the dictator, on-the-ground-that he had held

dictatura licet

the dictatorship a few days longer than was allowed by

accuse expello

the law : he also accused him of having banished his son
Titus from the city, and ordered him to dwell in the
country. When the young man, his son, heard of this,
he hastened to Rome, and, at the first dawn of the day,
arrived at the house of Pomponius. When this was

nuntio

announced to Pomponius, as he thought that the son

aliquid novi afferre

being angry would bring him some fresh evidence against
his father, he rose from his couch, and ordered the young
man to come to him. But he, as soon as he had en-
tered, drew his sword, and swore that he would kill
Pomponius on the spot, unless he gave him his oath
that he would do nothing against his father. And this,
in his fear, Pomponius swore.

28.

In the reign of our Henry the Second1 there lived in
Germany two neighbours, rich, and born of good family,
whose names were Guelfus and Ghibellinus. Being very

1 Ablative absolute, say 'reigning.'

156
inter se

intimate with one another they were returning one evening
from hunting, when a question arose concerning the
excellence of a certain hound, about which they disagreed.
The dispute became so fierce, that from this time they

vulgor

were changed into most bitter enemies. The quarrel spread

faveo

amongst the neighbours, some taking the part of or\Q, some
of the other. Soon open war broke out Ghibellinus,

vinci

finding that he was getting the worst of it. sought the
assistance of Fredericus Barbarossa, who at that time was

ne

Emperor. But Guelfus, that he might not be overcome

adeo Pontifex

in the contest, went to the Pope Honorius, who was then
hostile to Fredericus.

Their enmity having begun in this way lasted for many
generations, during which the faction of Guelfus always

stare ab

sided with the Pope, but (that) of Ghibellinus with the
Emperor.

29.
Meantime Philemenus, with a thousand Africans,

occupo

had been sent to secure another gate by stratagem. The
guards were accustomed to let him in at all hours, when-
ever he returned from hunting ; and now, when they
heard his usual whistle, one of them went to the gate to
admit him. Philemenus called to the guard from with-

157

out to open the wicket quickly, for that he and his
friends had killed a huge wild boar, and could scarcely
bear the weight any longer. The guard, accustomed to
have a share in the spoil, opened the wicket ; and
Philemenus and three other conspirators, disguised as
countrymen, stepped in, carrying the boar between them.
They instantly killed the poor guard, as he was admiring

manibus pertreclo

and feeling their prize ; and then let in about thirty
Africans, who were following close behind. With this
force they mastered the gate-house and towers, killed all

securibus discindo

the guards, and hewed asunder the bars of the main

agmen

gates to admit the whole column of Africans, who marched
in on this side also in regular order, and advanced
towards the market-place.

30.

He was a very brave man, and we cannot without
tears recall the tale1 of his death. However, who can
doubt that it is better to die in battle as he did, than to
be long oppressed by a miserable old age ? Besides, he
was fighting to save, if he could? the unhappy people of
Africa from slavery, the most terrible scourge of mankind?

1 ' The tale : ' say, < what is told:

2 ' If he could : ' say, ' the gods wishing it.'

3 * The most terrible scourge,5 etc : say, * than which no more terrible
scourge (pestis) troubles men.'

158

For many months he endured hunger and thirst, and
the assaults of the foe : many times they attacked, and
many times he drove them back, although the number
of his men was much less. At last by treachery they
killed the man they could not subdue by force of arms.
The gates were thrown open by a traitorous officer, the
forces of the rebels rushed in, and the brave general was
slain. Yet he did not die unavenged. Three of his
foes fell smitten by his hand, before he himself sank to
the ground pierced with many wounds.

31.
A JEW'S TRICK.

pontifex Judsei

The chief-rabbi of the Jews had bought a new house,
and the Jews who lived in the city determined to stock
his wine cask for him. A day was set apart for the
affair, and one after another the Jews went down into
the cellar, and emptied each his bottle into the big vat.
When the rabbi came next day to draw off his wine, he
found there was nothing in the cask but water. Each
Jew had said to himself that one bottle of water could
never be noticed in so much wine, and since all had

ex

acted upon this opinion, the rabbi had not got one drop
of wine in his butt.

159

32.

CANNAE.

The battle was begun by the light-armed troops ; the
Baleares slung their stones like hail into the ranks of the
Roman line, and severely wounded the consul ^Emilius
himself. Then the Spanish and Gallic horse charged

adversi cominus pugnare

the Romans front-to-front, and maintained-a-standing-
fight with them, many leaping off their horses and

numero minor

fighting on foot, till the Romans, outnumbered and badly
armed, were totally routed and driven off the field.
Hasdrubal, who commanded the Gauls and Spaniards,
followed up his work effectually : he chased the Romans
along the river till he had almost destroyed them ; and
then, riding off to the right, he came up to aid the
Numidians, who had been skirmishing indecisively with

quum subj.

the cavalry of the Italian allies. These, on seeing the
Gauls and Spaniards advancing, broke away and fled ;
the Numidians, most effective in pursuing a flying enemy.

trucidare

chased them with unwearied speed, and slaughtered them

cumulum addere c. dat.

unsparingly ; while Hasdrubal, to complete his signal
services of this day, charged upon the rear of the Roman
infantry.

1GO

33.

It is related that while walking near a town, a certain
bishop saw a number of miners sitting on the grouno1.
He approached to give them good advice. He asked
them what they were doing, and was told by one of
the men that they had been telling lies. The bishop,
astonished, inquired why they did this. One of the
miners answered that he had found a kettle, and
that they had all been trying who could tell the biggest
lie in order to have it. The bishop told the men that
lying was a great crime, and that he had never told a lie
in his whole life. Instantly one of the miners exclaimed,
' Give him the kettle, give him the kettle/ The bishop
is said to have gone home without saying another word.

34.

Who has not heard the story of the wise king Canute ?
One day he was sitting on the sea-shore, surrounded by
his courtiers, and watching the tide, which was coming
in at his feet. One of the courtiers, wishing to flatter
him, said that nothing could resist his commands. At
first he seemed not to hear, and only commanded the
waves not to rise beyond a certain mark. Still the
water rose higher and higher, and at last touched the
king's feet. Then the king turned to his courtiers, who
were wondering why he sat so unmoved, and made
them observe that the waves would not obey him, and
ordered them to confess that God alone is omnipotent.

161

35.

Once upon a time Scipio Nasica came to speak with
Ennius the poet, and asked his maid at the door whether
he was at home. Ennius had told her not to admit
anyone, so she said her master was not within. Nasica
perceived that her master had made her say so, and that
he was really at home. However, he was afraid it would
seem uncourteous to say what he thought, so he con-
cealed his thoughts, and went home. A few days after-
wards Ennius came to Nasica's house, and knocked at
the door and asked whether he was within. Nasica
himself then cried out that he was not at home. Ennius
said, * What, are you so foolish as to think I do not
know your voice ? ' Nasica replied, * When I called on
you, I believed your maid, when she told me you were
not at home ; and now you are become so suspicious that
you will not believe me, my own self/

36.

When the two armies were in sight, Sulpicius Gallus,
a tribune of the soldiers, freed the Roman army from
great fear. For, foreknowing that an eclipse of the
moon would happen on the following night, he sum-
moned the soldiers to an assembly and said: — ' In the
ensuing night, in order that no one may take this for

deficio

a portent, the moon will-be-eclipsed from the second

if

162

hour to the fourth. This, because it happens by natural
order and at fixed times, can be both known beforehand
and predicted. And so, just as no one wonders that the

senescens

moon shines at one time with full orb, at another wants

exiguus

with slender horn, so it is not wonderful that it is
obscured when it is hidden by the earth's shadow.' That
eclipse, therefore, did not disturb the Romans ; the
Macedonians, however, it alarmed, as a baneful prodigy.

37.

As soon as news was brought that the troops were
coming, the Emperor went out of the city to meet them :
and -having mounted a throne which had been placed
outside the gates, addressed the soldiers thus : (Orat.
Rect,} ' What gratitude 1 I feel towards you who have
fought for me, and whose labours I have shared, you
know. While I live, the honours which you have
deserved will be yours j but remember that my life is
uncertain, and that you must obey another ruler, who-
ever he may be, as faithfully as you have obeyed me,
for your own and your country's sake. Put the welfare
of your country above the interests of any faction or
leader whatever, so as not to bring upon your fellow-
citizens the miseries of civil war.' Then, after thanking
them for their victories, he rode through the ranks to

1 feel gratitude, gratiam habere.

163

inspect the whole army, and to bestow a few words of
praise upon those legions or officers who had been most
distinguished in the war.

38.

When Sylla had made himself master of Rome and
had expelled his enemies, he summoned the Senate to
meet, and coming with an armed force demanded that
C. Marius should immediately be declared an enemy to
the people of Rome. At first there was none found in
that grave assembly with courage enough to oppose his
motion. At length, however, Q. Scaevola being asked
what was his opinion, spoke as follows : ' Though, Sylla,
thou thinkest to terrify me with thy armed troops that
have encircled the Senate House, yet I scorn to save my
life by pronouncing Marius an enemy to this state : for
by his valour and prudent conduct not only the city of
Rome, but all Italy, has been preserved.'

39.

-A young lady of very great beauty, whom he had
taken captive in the war, he forbade to be brought into
his presence ; and ordered her to be restored to her
father and her lover. Having defeated Hasdrubal and
Mago, the brothers of Hannibal, he drove them out of
Italy, and formed an alliance with Syphax, king of the
Mauritanians. Having returned home victorious, he was

164

elected consul while still young ; being sent into Africa,
he conquered Hannibal, who had been compelled to
return to Carthage for the defence of his country. Being
falsely accused of fraud by Petillius, the tribune, he went
into voluntary exile, where he spent the remainder of
his days.

40.

A report was spread that the Etrurians and the
Samnites had entered into a league, and were raising
forces, which they intended to lead against the Romans.
Rome, therefore, was not negligent, and her first care
was to choose such consuls as might safely be intrusted
with the management of so great a war. All eyes were
turneji on Fabius, who, however, was so far from desiring
the honour, that he not only did not stand for the
consulship, but even refused it when offered. ' Why/
said he, ' should there be imposed on me a burden too
heavy for me to bear ? That vigour which I once
possessed is now gone ; and I feel that it is time for me
to rest. There is no want of young men to succeed me ;
and I am not the person to envy their glory/

41.

Lucumo was the son of Damaratus, a Corinthian, who,
driven from his home on account of seditions, had

consido

settled at Tarquinii, and had there married a wife.

165

On the death of his father, Lucumo was heir to all
his goods. His wife, a proud woman and one born
in high rank, easily persuaded him to leave Tarquinii,
where he was spurned as being descended from an exile,
and to seek elsewhere the honour which they both
wished for. Accordingly they set out together for
Rome : it happened that on the way, as Lucumo was
sitting in the chariot with his wife, an eagle, gently

pileum

descending, took away his cap, and then in a little
time replaced it again upon his head.

They are said to have joyfully accepted this as a
good omen.

42.

salus

And no hope of safety remained. All the corn which
was in the city had been consumed ; the soldiers were

conficio

worn out with toil and hunger ; the walls had been
broken in many places ; and the governor feared that he

cogo deditio

would be forced to a surrender. The allies whom he
had expected did not arrive, for the enemy had closed
all the roads by which the town could be approached,
and destroyed the bridge over the river which flowed

utor

behind them. At last however he determined to employ

satis

a very ingenious trick, and sending a messenger to the
general of the enemy he requested that the women might
be allowed to depart before the town was given up.

166

When tins had been granted, he demanded further, that
each woman should carry away with her whatever of her

res

possessions she valued most. This too was allowed, and
the general promised that none of the women should be

impedio lutum

prevented from departing with her burden into a-piace-of-
safety. Then the gates were opened ; and to the amaze-
ment of the enemy appeared a train of women, bearing
each a husband or kinsman on her shoulders.

43.

iter facio

The Etrusci marched against the city of Rome. They

traiicio

wished to cross over the river by a bridge, which was

trabs

made of wooden beams. This bridge was defended by
Horatius, whom the whole force of the enemy could not

repello abrumpo

drive back. At last, when the bridge had been broken

mittere se

away behind his back, \\z plunged into the stream armed,
and swam to the opposite bank. The Etrusci, when they
departed, said, 'We have conquered the Romans, but
we have been conquered by Horatius.3

44.

Codrus, king of Athens, when his country had been
devastated by the enemy with fire and sword, distrusting

167
human help, sent messengers to the oracle of Apollo at

excutio

Delphi, and inquired how he could get rid of this evil.
The god replied that if the king himself fell by the hands
of the enemy, there would be an end of the war. This
was reported not only at Athens but also in the camp of
the enemy, and so it came about that orders were given
that no one should kill or wound Codrus. When he
heard this, he disguised himself as a woodcutter, and
threw himself in the way of a foraging party of the
enemy. With these he provoked a dispute, and attacked
them so vigorously that-they were compelled to kill him
in self-defence.

45.
T. Quinctius Flamininus restored to Greece her

status

old condition, that she might enjoy her ancient liberty.
The time of the Isthmian games was near, and all the
Greeks had come to Corinth to see them. Then the

praeco

herald went out into the middle of the arena, and,

facio

\^2M\^ proclaimed silence with his trumpet, uttered these
words : ' The senate and people of Rome, having
conquered King Philip and the Macedonians, bid all
the states of Greece be free.' On hearing this all were
amazed : each scarcely believed that he had heard it : they

intueor mirabundus

looked at one another in wonder : the herald was called

168

back, since each one was eager not only to hear, but
also to see the messenger, and again made the same
announcement. Then such a shout arose on all sides,
that the birds, that were flying above, fell down fright-
ened and astonished to the earth.

46.

P'lavius the Lucanian, having arranged everything
beforehand, went to Gracchus and told him that he had
in his mind a plan which might with his assistance be
carried out. ' I have persuaded/ he said, ' the allies to
surrender to the Romans. A place not far from the
camp has been agreed upon for a meeting. If you will
come there with me, they will accept whatever terms you
impose, and the war will be over.' Such was the skill
of Flavius, that Gracchus, suspecting no fraud, followed
him into the ambuscade. Seeing into what danger he
had come, he leapt from his horse and exhorted his
companions to adopt boldly the only course which
fortune left them. 'We are/ (Oratio Obliqua}, he said,
'in the midst of enemies, and escape is impossible.
Anger and despair, which are generally so useless, will
increase our courage, Draw your swords, and die not
unavenged.'

169

47.

At this time the governor of Libya was Sextilius,
a Roman, who had not received either injury or
favour from Marius, and it was believed that he would
help him, if anything could move him to pity. But as
soon as Marius had landed with his friends, an officer
met him and said, ' The governor Sextilius forbids you,
Marius, to set foot in Libya, and he says that, if you do,
he will follow the decree of the senate by treating you
as an enemy.' On hearing this, Marius from grief and
indignation was unable to speak. Upon the officer
asking Marius what reply he should take to the governor,
and what he was going to do, he replied, 'Tell him you
have seen Caius Marius a fugitive, sitting among the
ruins of Carthage:' a reply in which he not inaptly
compared the fate of that city and his own changed
fortunes.

48.

After this battle he set out for Rome, meeting with
no resistance, and halted on the hills near the city.
When he had been encamped for some days, and was
now returning to Capua, Fabius Maximus, the Roman
dictator, met him in the Falernian country. Here he
was shut up in a narrow pass, but extricated himself in
the night without any loss to his army ; and imposed
upon Fabius, though a most wary general. For he had

170

two thousand oxen collected, and caused bundles of
brushwood to be tied on their horns. In the latter
part of the night he ordered the baggage drivers to set
fire to these bundles and drive the oxen through the
pass, and the light troops to hasten and occupy its
summit. The oxen, infuriated by the flames, ran wildly
up the hill ; and the strange sight struck such terror into
the Roman army that no one dared to go outside the
rampart. After this exploit, by a stratagem he enticed
M. Rufus, the master of the horse, to give battle, and
defeated him. It would be tedious to enumerate all his
actions. Wherefore it will be enough to mention one
circumstance, from which it may be understood how
great a general he was : as long as he remained in Italy,
no one withstood him in battle array, nor after the
disaster~at Cannae did any one pitch his camp against
him in the open field.

49.

Achmet, emperor of the Turks, was succeeded by a
prince whose name was Mustapha. The Elector of
Saxony having at this time approached one of the
Turkish cities, Mustapha, who wished to fight him,
began to collect an army ; but, before marching against
so formidable an enemy, he resolved to consult his
generals. These are said to have addressed him thus :
'Good Mustapha, we, who as yet have received no

171

injury from the Elector, and know not what he intends,
can scarcely with justice oppose him : but in order that
something may be done, let us besiege the city of Lippa,
which has revolted from us.'

The forces were immediately led thither: but' this

constare (alicui) labore.

siege cost the Emperor muck labour, and brought him
but little advantage.

50.

While Philip was preparing war against the Aetolians,
Demetrius, King of Illyria, who had been lately con-
quered by Paulus the consul, addressed him in the most
suppliant terms, complaining of the injustice of the
Romans, who, not contented with the possession of
Italy, were grasping at the sovereignty of the world,
and waging war with every king. 'Aspiring,' said he,
( to the government of Sicily, Sardinia, and Spain, they
have attacked the Carthaginians ; nor have they any
other cause for their hostility against me, than that my
territories are adjacent to their own.' — He added, in
order to induce Philip to resist the ambition of the
Romans, that he surrendered to him his right to the
kingdom, which they had injuriously seized. Rather,
he said, would he see it in the hands of an ally, than
under the dominion of an enemy.

172

51.

Cato the Elder, hearing some people commending a
man who was rash, and inconsiderately daring in battle,
said it was one thing to prize valour at a great rate, and
another to value life at little ; a very just remark.
Antigonus, we know, had a soldier, a venturous fellow,
but of wretched health and constitution ; the reason of
whose ill looks he took the trouble to inquire into ; and
on understanding from him that it was a disease, directed
his physicians to employ their utmost skill, and if
possible recover him ; and this brave hero, when once
cured, never afterwards sought danger or did any
desperate deed in battle : and, when Antigonus won-
dered and upbraided him with his change, concealed not
the reason, but said 'Sir, you are the cause of rny
cowardice, by having freed me from those miseries
which made me care little for life.'

52.

Then the Nymphs leapt across the pool, and came to
Theseus, and called the shepherds back. And he told
them how he had slain the robber ; and the shepherds
kissed his feet, and sang, ' Now we shall feed our flocks
in peace, and not be afraid of having music when we
dance ; for such a dire fate hath fallen on the giant, that
he will listen for our pipes no more/ Then they
brought him kid's flesh and wine, and the Nymphs

173

brought him honey from the rocks, and danced and
sang whilst he ate and drank and slept again. And
after he woke, they begged him to stay ; but he would
not For he said that he had a great work to do, and
must set out towards the Isthmus, that he might reach
Athens the sooner.

53.

Rupert, meanwhile, followed close on the heels of the
retreating army. When he caught them up, he found
they at once turned round to fight ; so he put his army
in battle array, and waited the arrival of the forces from
Eboracum. After some delay, the expected forces
arrived ; the prince welcomed them : he said he wished
they had come sooner, though he still hoped for a
glorious day. The general made excuses ; he informed
the prince how his troops in their eagerness for plunder,
had dispersed far and wide ; he said that on receipt of
the prince's orders, he had brought all he could collect,
and had commissioned his lieutenant to bring up the
remainder as soon as possible. The prince was so
eager to fight, that he wished to engage before these
troops came. While the general was dissuading him
from doing this, the troops appeared. The general still
begged the prince to wait. The prince gave in, and
the enemy were the first to attack. The result you
know. There is no reason for expatiating on the great-
ness of the victory the king's enemies won.

174

54.
A Bridge kept by the good Knight Bayard.

But the good knight, looking over the river, perceived
about two hundred Spanish horse making straight for
the bridge, which they would have gained with little
resistance, and that would have been the total de-
struction of the French army. He desired his companion
to go and collect some men as quickly as possible to
defend the bridge, or they would all be lost, and
promised to do his best to keep the enemy in play till
his return. He then went lance in hand to the bridge,
on the other side of which were the Spaniards already
prepared to pass; but he, levelling his lance, charged
those who were already on the bridge, so that three or
four of them were overthrown and fell into the water.
This done, he was so fiercely assailed that had he not
been an excellent knight, he could not have checked
them. But, backing his horse against the barrier of the
bridge, that they might not get in his rear, he defended
himself so well with his sword that the Spaniards thought
he was more than man. And he maintained his post
till Le Basco, his companion, arrived with about a
hundred men-at-arms, who made the Spaniards abandon
the bridge.

175

55.
MetallicL

Among those who work the mines in Thrace there is
a good deal of rivalry and mutual jealousy, for some
seek silver and others gold, and they are, so to speak,
divided into two factions, each party being called by an
appropriate name, the Silvers and the Goldens. And
once a Golden came to see a Silver, having been a
friend of his in old times, and being anxious to see the
silver mine if they would let him. And they readily
allowed him, for they had recently found a great vein
(as they call it) of which they were proud, as was
natural. And as the Silver pointed out everything, the
quantity and the quality of the discovery, the Golden
became very gloomy. But the other, all the more
delighted and happy, after showing him all their wealth,
asked how matters stood with the Goldens. And he,
solemnly shaking his head, said his friends were dis-
pirited at present. [Or..Obl.~\ 'Why so?' asked the
Silver, secretly expecting he would say it was because
they could not find any gold. But he said, ' Why, we
have lately discovered that over our gold in the mine
lies silver to the depth of three feet, which we shall
have to cut through with great labour.'

176

56.
Knngius.

Kung, a certain emperor of China, was a great lover
of science, and a great encourager of learned men ;
nevertheless he could so little distinguish true philo-
sophers from impudent cheats, that he was frequently
imposed upon. One day an impostor obtained ad-
mittance into the palace, and, watching an opportunity,
he presented a phial to the emperor, saying [Or. OblJ\,
1 May it please your majesty, this phial contains a drug
that will make you immortal : drink it, and do not fear
death.' As the emperor was about to drink, one of the
courtiers, who was wiser than his master, snatched the
cup from his hand and immediately drank off a part of
its contents. The monarch angrily ordered him to be
led out to execution ; but the courtier calmly replied
[Or. Obi.'}, ' If the drug gives immortality, you will in
vain threaten me with death : but if it does not, I shall
have unmasked an impostor. Let him be compelled to
drink the remainder, and then take a dose of poison ; if
he is a true man, he has nothing to fear, if not, he
deserves to die. The advice was adopted, and the
impostor, refusing to drink the poison, was condemned
to perpetual imprisonment.

177

57.
Caius Gracchus.

Caius Gracchus, more eloquent than his brother,
and possessed of greater abilities, after the lapse of ten
years attempted a similar enterprise. He proposed
that no Roman citizen should possess more than 500
jugera of land ; that corn should be sold to the people
at an exceedingly low price ; that 300 knights should be
enrolled in the senate, and finally that the trials should
be transferred to the equestrian order. It is not indeed
strange that a man, who had combined so many ranks
and with such skill, should have thought that he would
carry all his measures. But although he had interested
the commons by his offers, he had also offended their
pride by proposing that all Cisalpine Gaul should be
included in Italy. Accordingly a tumult arose, and by
proclamation of the consul Opimius a price was set on
Gracchus' head, while the knights, the Latin allies, and
the commons declared that they would maintain the old
constitution against foreigners. Gracchus, in despair,
caused himself to be slain by one of his dependents ;
200 men were killed on the Aventine ; when quiet was
restored 3,000 were put to death. From that time old
customs fell into disuse ; none would obey the laws or
pursue any object but gain ; no crime in peace, no
disorder in war seemed disgraceful, if profit was con-
nected with it. Worst of all, the poor, who were without
patrons, feared the courts of justice more than the rich :
fraud, assassinations, deaths by poison, increased daily.

N

178

58,
Eurysthenes.

Eurysthenes, having borrowed two talents from
Agathon, came again to him the next day and asked
him to lend him three talents. Agathon was surprised,
since he had not paid the two talents, that he wanted
more so soon ; but as his friend Demagoras was with
him, he was ashamed to appear stingy, and so with a
smile, he gave him the money, observing as if in jest,
that Demagoras would be his witness. Not long after-
wards he asked his friend for the five talents ; but he
denied having received more than three. Agathon was
indignant that he should be so cheated by a friend, but
not knowing what to do, he went away and asked the
advice of Demagoras. He bade him go to Eurysthenes,
and pretend that he had been mistaken, and ask him to
restore the three talents. Eurysthenes readily paid the
money, for he was aware that if he did not they would
exact penalty from him, since the money was lent in
the presence of a witness. [Or. Obl.~\ ' Now then,' said
Demagoras, when he returned with the money, * we will
go together and demand the three talents again. If he
says he has already paid, deny that you have received
it, for no witness was there.' In this way Eurysthenes
lost not only the loan, but a talent besides.

179

59.
De Perymelo.

The Malabrii are a savage race of men and have
many false beliefs, which no one can persuade them are
not true ; and among these they believe that the souls
of the dead reside in animals, and that therefore everyone
ought to spare all animals if he even suspects that they
contain the spirit either of a god or of one of his
deceased friends. Now there was an Anglian merchant
who happened once to be living for a few days among
the Malabrii, and who, having gone into the woods to
hunt, was so unfortunate as to shoot a bird which the
natives call perymelos, and which, according to their
belief, contains the soul of a god. The people, hearing
of this deed, laid hands on the stranger and carried him
off with the intention of sacrificing him on the altar of
the outraged god. As soon as he understood what they
were going to do, and wherefore they were angered,
being a ready-witted man he hit on the following device
to save himself. He asked permission to defend himself,
and said that his father had lately been sailing when he
was wrecked and perished in the sea, and his soul had
entered into an eel. When, therefore, he perceived an
eel floating in the sea, and a perymelos flying above it,
which was clearly about to attack it, he thought it dis-
graceful that he should suffer his father's soul to be
injured before his eyes, and so shot the perymelos. And
the judges not merely acquitted him, but gave him a
great reward for his piety.

180

60.
Q. Sertori cerva.

Sertorius had a white fawn of exceeding beauty,
which proved of great service to him in retaining the
obedience of his' soldiers. The general had accustomed
her to listen for his voice and follow him wherever he
went. He gave it out commonly that she was a present
to him from Diana, and that she warned him of any
needful step in conduct. If he desired to issue any
stern order, it was announced that the fawn had given him
an intimation, and the soldiers obeyed without a murmur.
Once during an inroad of the enemy the fawn was lost,
and was believed to have been killed, to the great sorrow
of Sertorius. Many days after she was found. Upon
hearing the news Sertorius bid the finder conceal the
matter, and desired that the fawn should be suddenly
let loose into the public place in which he customarily
sat in judgment. The general then appeared with a
cheerful countenance, and said that he had dreamt that
his lost fawn was restored to him, The animal thus
suddenly set free, when she saw her master, bounded
gaily to the judgment seat, and began to lick his hand,
upon which a shout of applause was raised to signify
the popular approbation.

VOCABULARY I.

(FOR EXERCISES I. AND II.)

VERBS.

love, amo (i), amavi, amaturn.

advise, moneo (2), monui, monitum.

rule, rego (3), rexi, rectum.

hear, audio (4), audivi, auditum.

give, do, dare, dedi, datum (c. dat. and ace.}.

stand, sto, stare, steti, statum.

weep, fleo, flere, flevi, fletum.

shear, tondeo (2), totondi, tonsum.

see, video (2), vidi, visum.

send, mitto (3), misi, missum (c. ad. and ace.}.

say, tell, dico (3), dixi, dictum (c. dat. and ace.}.

hurt, laedo (3), laesi, lassum.

play, ludo (3), lusi, lusum.

run, curro (3), cucurri, cursum.

touch, tango (3), tetigi, tactum.

do, make, facio (3), feci, factum.

conquer, vinco (3), vici, victum.

throw, jacio (3), jeci, jactum.

dig, fodio (3), fodi, fossum.

drink, bibo (3), bibi, bibitum

open, aperio (4), aperui, apertum.

come, venio (4), veni, ventum.

have, habeo (2), habui, habitum.

write, scribo (3), scrips!, scriptum.

DEPONENT VERBS.

hunt, venor, venari, venatus.
exhort, hortor, hortari, hortatus.
accompany, comitor, comitari, comitatus.

182

delay, moror, morari, moratus.

imitate, imitor, imitari, imitatus.

fear, vereor, vereri, veritus.

confess, confiteor, confiteri, confessus.

use, utor, uti, usus (c. abl.).

suffer, patior, pati, passus.

follow, sequor, sequi, secutus.

to be born, nascor, nasci, natus (Copulative Verb}.

speak, loquor, loqui, locutus.

divide, partior, partiri, partitus.

rise, orior, oriri, ortus.

SUBSTANTIVES.

country, terra,/

man, vir, viri, m.

woman, mulier, mulieris, f.

boy, puer, pueri, m.

soldier, miles, militis, m.

dog, canis* canis, c.

sheep, ovis, ovis,/

bull, taurus, tauri, m.

sea, mare, n.

day, dies, m. in sing., c. in pi.

name, nomen, nominis, «.

head, caput, capitis, n.

body, corpus, corporis, n.

father, pater, patris, m.

mother, mater, matris, /

sister, soror, sororis, f.

brother, frater, fratris, ;;*.

judge, judex, judicis, c.

lion, leo, leonis, m.

son, films, filii, m.

master, magister, magistri, M*

war, bellum, belli, n.

sailor, nauta, m.

183

ship, navis, navis, J,

game, ludus, ludi, m.

voice, vox, vocis, f.

hand, manus, manus, f.

shepherd, pastor, pastoris, m.

king, rex, regis, m.

queen, regina,/

law, lex, legis,/

table, mensa,/

sun, sol, solis, m.

letter, epistola, /

race, cursus, cursus, m.

moon, luna, /

star, stella,/

poison, venenum, «.

dart, telum, n.

ditch, fossa,/

wine, vinum, n.

old man, senex, senis, m.

door, porta, /

garden, hortus, horti, m.

book, liber, libri, m.

foot, pes, pedis, m.

enemy, hostis, m.

water, aqua,/

ADJECTIVES.

brave, fortis.

beautiful, pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum.

idle, ignavus.

foolish, stultus.

strong, validus.

small, parvus.

many, multus.

white, albus.

black, niger, nigra, nigrum.

184

tiseful, utilis.
easy, facilis.
difficult, difficilis.
heavy, gravis.
light, levis.
long, longus.
wide, broad, latus.
deep, high, tall, altus.
great, large, magnus.
many, multus.
bad, malus.
good, bonus,
useful, utilis.
fierce, ferox, ferocis.
wise, sapiens, sapientis.
learned, doctus.
pleasant, jucundus.
short, brevis.
bright, clarus.
sharp, .acutus.
dear, carus.
little, small, parvus.

PRONOUNS.

this, hie, haec, hoc.

that, iUe, ilia, illud.

self, ipse, ipsa, ipsum.

the same, idem, eadem, idem.

I, ego ; we, nos.

you, tu, (plural) vos.

he, is, ea, id.

my, meus.

your, tuus.

our, noster.

your, vester.

185
ADVERBS.

well, bene.

badly, male.

quickly, celeriter.

here -(in this place), hie.

here (to this place), hue.

now, nunc.

never, nunquam.

always, semper.

to-day, hodie.

to-morrow, eras.

yesterday, heri.

easily, faciliter.

often, saepe.

some day, aliquando.

PREPOSITIONS.

to, ad (c. ace. of motion to).

in, on, in (c. abl.}.

into, in (c. ace.}.

under (rest under), sub (c. abl.}.

under (motion under), sub (c. ace.}.

by (agent), a, ab (c. abl.}.

CONJUNCTIONS.

and, et, both .... and, et et.

but, sed.

or, vel, either .... or, vel . . . . vel.

186

VOCABULARY III.

VERBS.

seem, .videor, videri, visus.

call, voco (i).

work, laboro (i).

sit, sedeo (2), sedi, sessum.

fall, cado (3), cecidi, casum.

jump, salio (4), salui.

cry out, clamo (i).

be born, nascor (3), natus.

admire, miror (i).

frighten, terreo (2).

catch, capio (3), cepi, captum.

become, fio, fieri, factus.

burn, accendo (3), accendi, accensum ; wo (3), ussi, ustum.

fear, timco (2).

think, puto (i).

take, sumo (3), sumpsi, sumptum.

sit down, consido (3), consedi, con sessum.

be beaten, vapulo (i).

howl, ululo (i).

stay, maneo (2), mansi, mansum.

place, statuo (3), statui, statutum.

draw, traho (3), traxi, tractum.

imitate, imitor (i).

crawl, serpo (3), serpsi, serptum.

SUBSTANTIVES.

tree, arbor, arboris, /
boat, cymba, cymbae, f.
old woman, anus, anus,/
baby, infans, infantis, c.
year, annus, anni, m.

187

general, dux, ducis, c.

robber, latro, latronis, m.

terror, terror, terroris, m.

bird, avis, avis, f.

friend, amicus, amici, m.

cause, causa, causae, f.

misfortune, malum, n.

riches, divitias, divitiarum, /

glory, gloria, gloria?,/

book, liber, libri, m.

stone, saxum, n.

Mend, amicus, amici, m.

flea, pulex, pulicis, m.

animal, animal, animalis, «.

cart, plostellum, plostelli, n. (a little cart}.

frog, rana, ranas, /

marsh, palus, paludis, /

wild beast, lera, ferae,/

wood, silva, silvse, /

snake, anguis, anguis, c.

table, mensa, mensae, /

war, bellum, belli, n.

cause, causa, causas, /

evil, malum, mali, n.

work, opus, operis, n.

spring, ver, veris, n.

ADJECTIVES.

clever, sollers, sollertis.

lame, claudus.

both, ambo.

ill, aeger, aegra, asgrum.

deaf, surdus,

cold, frigidus.

all, everybody, omnis.

188

PRONOUNS.

his, her, its, suus (when referring to subject of sentence).
some, nonnullus.

ADVERBS.

in vain, frustra.

not only . . . but also, non solum . . . sed etiam.

where (rest), ubi.

once, olim, forte.

PREPOSITIONS.

from ... out of, e, ex (c. abl.) ; down from, de (c. abl.}.
on ... in, in (c. abl.}.

CONJUNCTIONS,
and ... not = neither, nor, nee, neque.

INTERJECTIONS.

Alas ! heu !

189

VOCABULARY IV.

VERBS.

Stand, sto (i), steti, statum.

know, cognosce (3), cognovi, cognitum.

speak, loquor (3), locutus (of a person, c. de with abl.}.

to be on fire, ardeo (2), arsi, arsum.

weep, lacrimo (i).

depart, abeo, abii, abitum.

punish, punio (4), punivi, punitum.

bear, fero, ferre, tuli, latum.

cultivate, colo (3), colui, cultum.

live, habito (i).

go, eo, ire, ivi, itum.

send for, arcesso (3), arcessivi, arcessitum (c. ace.}.

eat, edo (3), edi, esum.

deceive, fallo (3), fefelli, falsum.

paint, pingo (3), pinxi, pictum.

save, servo (i).

destroy, perdo (3), perdidi, perditum.

put to death, neco (i).

burst, rumpo (3), rupi, ruptum.

bind, vincio (4), vinxi, vinctum.

give back, reddo (3), reddidi, redditum.

lend, commodo (i).

build, asdifico (i).

jump, salio (4), salui.

receive, accipio (3), accepi, acceptum.

bite, mordeo (2), momordi, morsum.

break, frango (3), fregi, fractum.

learn, disco (3), didici.

teach, doceo (2), docui, doctum.

understand, intelligo (3), intellexi, intellectum.

190

SUBSTANTIVES.

house, domus, /
fruit, fruges, / pi.
field, ager, agri, m.
clothes, vestes, / pi.
city, urbs, urbis, f.
shoemaker, sutor, sutoris, ;;/.
apple, pomum, n.
picture, tabula,/
barbarians, barbari, m. pi.
town, oppidum, n.
chain, vinculum, n.
wall, murus, muri, ;;/.
wound, vulnus, vulneris, ;/.
leg, crus, cruris, n.
flower, flos, floris, m.

ADJECTIVES.

fruitful, fecundus.
muddy, lutosus.
dangerous, letalis.
mad, rabidus.
dead, mortuus.

191

VOCABULARY V.

VERBS.

read, lego (3), legi, lectum.

live, vivo (3), vixi, victum.

kill, occido (3), occidi, occisum.

swim, nato (i).

drown, submergo (3), submersi, submersum.

ask (for), rogo (i).

call, voco (i).

think, puto (i).

choose, eligo (3), elegi, electum.

beg, peto (3), petivi, petitum.

conceal, celo (i).

tell, dico (3), dixi, dictum ; = to relate, narro (i).

seize, capio (3), cepi, captum.

understand, intelligo (3), intellexi, intellectum.

restore, reddo (3), reddidi, redditum.

answer, respondeo (2), respondi, responsum.

promise, promitto (3), promisi, promissum ; polliceor (2), pollicitus.

bring, fero, ferre, tuli, latum.

lay waste, vasto (i).

beseech, oro (i).

distribute, distribuo (3), distribui, distributum.

SUBSTANTIVES.

horse, equus, equi, m.
finger, digitus, digiti, m.
language, lingua, linguae, f.
leader, dux, ducis, c.
ambassador, legatus, legati, m.
peace, pax, pads/,
favour, gratia, gratiae,/
god, deus, dei, m.

192

Roman, Romanus, Romani, m.

plan, consilium, n.

enemy, hostis, hostis, m. (use plural}.

calf, vitulus, vituli, m.

story, fabula, fabulae, /

mountain, mons, mentis, m.

Italy, Italia,/

camp, castra, castrorum, n.

cattle, pecus, pecoris, n.

word, verbum, n.

booty, prasda, prsedas, f.

inhabitant, inccla, incolce, c.

ADJECTIVES.

unhappy, infelix, infelicis.

poor, pauper, pauperis.

most of, plerique, pleraeque, pleraque.

PRONOMINAL CORRELATIVES.

as great ... as, tantus . . . quantus.
as many ... as, tot ... quot.
the same ... as, idem . . . qui.
such ... as, talis . . . qualis.

ADVERBS.

diligently, diligenter.
soon, mox.

PREPOSITIONS.

of ( = out of), e, ex.

193

VOCABULARY VI.

VERBS,

Sellout, proficiscor (3), profectus.

stay, commoror (i).

find, reperio (4), repperi, repertum.

seek for, quaero (3), quaesivi, quaesitum.

jump over, transilio (4), transilui.

return ( = go back), redeo, redire, redii, reditum,

arrive, pervenio (4), perveni, perventum.

to be distant from, absum, affui.

rage, sasvio (4), ssevii, sasvitum.

bathe, lavo (i), lavi, lotum, (use in passive).

cross, trajicio (3), trajeci, trajectum.

march, proficiscor, profectus.

attack, adorior (4), adortus.

fly, fugio (3), fugi.

know, cognosce (3), cognovi, cognitum.

rout, fundo (3), fudi, fusum.

live, habito (i).

overflow, obruo (3), obrui, obrutum.

SUBSTANTIVES.

servant, famulus, famuli, m.
London, Londinium, «.
hour, hora, horaa, /
country, (opp. to town), rus, ruris, n.
summer, asstas, aestatis, /.
Rome, Roma, Romae, f.
month, mensis, mensis, m.
wife, uxor, uxoris, f.
Carthage, Carthago, Carthaginis, /

ruin (= ruin of a building), ruina, / ; (= calamity), pernicies,
perniciei, f.

O

194

wall (of a town), moenia, mcenium, «., murus, muri, m. ; (of a

house), paries, parietis, m.
day, dies, diei, m. in pi., c. in sing.
Athens, Athenae, Athenarum, f.
India, India,/
Africa, Africa,/
winter, hiems, hiemis, /

spear, hasta, hastae, / •

mile, millia passuum (///. 1,000 paces).
storm, procella, /
Capua, Capua,/
early dawn, prima lux.
Alexander, Alexander, Alexandri.
Babylon, Babylon, Babylonis,/
Aliminum, Ariminum, Arimini.
bravery, fortitude, fortitudinis, /.
CannsB, Cannae, Cannarum.
Miletus, Miletus, Mileti.
Nile, Nilus, Nili, m.
bank, ripa, ripae, /

ADJECTIVES.

two, duo.

next, proximus ; next (day), posterus.

six, sex,

fifth, quintus.

third, tertius.

ADVERBS.

ago, abhinc.
now, jam, nunc.

PREPOSITIONS.

among, inter, (c. ace.}.

195

VOCABULARY VIL

VERBS.

pardon, ignosco (3), ignovi, ignotum,
obey, pareo (2).

envy, invideo (2), invidi, invisum.
displease, displiceo (2), displicui, displicitum.

spare, pario (3), peperci, [ Parsum-
( parcitum.

please, placeo (2).

regret, desidero (i).

compare, confero, conferre, contuli, collatum.

trust, fido (3), fisus sum.

promise, polliceor (2), pollicitus.

to be angry with, irascor (3), iratus.

persuade, persuadeo (2), persuasi, persuasum.

to be a slave to, servio (4), servii, servitum.

relate, narro (i).

declare war, bellum indico (3), indixi, indictum.

it is lawful, licet.

benefit, prosum, prodesse, profui.

deliver, trado (3), tradidi, traditum.

hurt, noceo (2).

announce, nuntio (i).

SUBSTANTIVES.

language, lingua, f.
beggar, mendicus, mendici, m.
captive, captivus, captiv., m.
citizen, civis, civis, c.
consul, consul, consulis, m.
messenger, nuntius, nuntii, m.

196

gift, donum, doni, n.
Office, munus, muneris, n.
traitor, proditor, proditoris, m.
animal, animal, animalis, n.
weather, tempestas, tempestatis, j.
farmer, agricola, agricolas, m.

ADJECTIVES.

useful, idoneus.
most, plerique.
in-his-old-age = old, senex.
in-his-life-time, = living, vivus.
dead, mortuus.
like, similis.
fit, aptus.
sad, tristis.

ADVEEBS,

some day, -aliquando.
well, bene.
again, iterum, rursus.
greatly, magnopere.

197

VOCABULARY VIII.

VERBS.

satisfy, satisfacio (3), satisfeci.

place under, suppono (3), supposui.

prefer, praefero, antepono.

wage war against, bellum infero,

lie between, interjaceo (2).

expose, expono (3).

have leisure for, vaco (i).

strive, con or (i).

marry (of a woman), nubo (3), nupsi, nuptum

leave, relinquo (3), reliqui, relictum.

choose, ) ,

read, } ego ^> egl> lectum-

confer ... on, obfero.

buy, emo (3), emi, emptum.

besiege, obsideo (2), obsedi, obsessum.

SUBSTANTIVES.

money, pecunia, as,/

rock, saxum, n.

stream, flumen, fluminis, n.

danger, periculum, n.

country ( = native country), patria,/

descendants, minores, m. pL

warning, documentum, n.

disgrace, dedecus, dedecoris, n.

guard, presidium, n.

help, auxilium, n.

servant, famulus, famuli, m.

honour, decus, decoris, m.

198

legion, legio, legionis, /
reinforcement, subsidium, n.

ADJECTIVES.

broad, latus.
tenth, decimus.

PREPOSITIONS.

for the sake of, pro.

199

VOCABULARY IX,

VERBS.

be afraid of, timeo (2),

irritate, irrito (i).

set, occido (3), occidi, occasum.

wish, volo, velle, volui.

be unwilling, nolo, nolle, nolui.

sing, cano (3), cecini, cantum.

remember, memini.

tell (=to order), impero (i) (c. dat.).

. . ( fruitus ) ,

enjoy, fruor, frui, j (c. abl.\

perform, fungor, fungi, functus (c. abl.}.

use, utor, uti, usus (c. abl.}.

prefer, malo, malle, malui.

feed on, vescor, vesci (c. abl.}.

inquire, interrogo (i).

gather, carpo (3), carpsi, carptum.

consider, puto (i).

SUBSTANTIVES.

wasp, vespa, /

shield (round shield), clipeus, clipei, m.

night, nox, noctis, f.

song, carmen, carminis, n.

duty, munus, muneris, n.

food, cibus, cibi, m.

lot, sors, sortis, f.

country (— fields), ager, (in pi.}.

order, mandatum, n.

200

ground, humus, Kumi, / ; on the ground (locative\ humi.
praise, laus, laudis,/

ADJECTIVES.

what sort of, qualis.

how great, quantus.

unwholesome, gravis.

how many, quot.

all, every, omnis.

deaf, surdus.

content with, contentus (c. abl.}.

worthy-of, dignus (c. abl.}.

unworthy-of, indignus (c. obi.).

highest, summus.

ADVERBS.

quickly, celeriter; as quickly as possible, quam celerrime.

when ? ^uando.

how often? quoties

soon, cito, citius, citissime.

so, tarn.

carelessly, negligenter.

everyday, quotidie.

SO long, tamdiu.

where to? quo.

why, cur.

201

VOCABULARY X.

VERBS.

perish, pereo, perire, perii, peritum.

wound, vulnero (i).

destroy, frango (3), fregi, fractum.

pitch (a camp), pono (3), posui, positum (castra).

value, asstimo (i).

respect, veneror (i).

shed, fundo (3), fudi, fusum.

swim, nato (i).

tie, vincio (4), vinxi, vinctum.

fall, cado (3), cecidi, casum.

SUBSTANTIVES.

hunger, fames, famis, f.

stone, lapis, lapidis, m.

fear, timor, timoris, m.

punishment, poena, /

disease, morbus, morbi, m.

nail, clavus, clavi, m.

daybreak, prima lux.

fleet, classis, classis, f.

storm, procella,/

coast, ora, f.

crash, fragor, fragoris, m.

country (—native country), patria, /.

fire, ignis, ignis, m.

SWOrd, ferrum, «.

light, lux, lucis, /

honey, mel, mellis, n.

mountain, mons, mentis, m.

top of the mountain = highest mountain, summus mons.

202

gold, aurum, n.

silver, argenturn, n.

rabbit, lepus, leporis, m.

pig, porcus, porci, ;;/.

bite, morsus, morsus, m.

mina, mina, /

tear, lacrima, /

battle, pugna, /

crime, scelus, sceleris, ;/.

learning, express by verb noun of learn.

swimming, express by verb noun of swim.

beard, barba, /

hair, capilli, capillorum, in.

cat, feles, felis,/

rope, funis, funis, m.

army, exercitus, exercitus, m.

ADJECTIVES.

whole,^totus.

sweet, dulcis.

valuable, pretiosus.

of great price or value, magno.

of little price or value, parvo.

lame, claudus.

long, promissus, longus.

white, albus.

cruel, crudelis.

more (of), plus, pluris.

PREPOSITIONS.

with, (= in company with), cum (c. abl.}.
near, apud (c. ace.}.

ADVERBS,

only, modo.

203

VOCABULARY XL

VERBS,

value, sestimo (i).

respect, veneror (i).

accuse, accuse (i).

murder, neco (i),

condemn, condemno (i).

acquit, absolve (3), absolvi, absolutum.

forget, obliviscor (3), oblitus.

pity, misereor (2), misertus.

it pities, miseret.

it repents, pcenitet.

it disgusts, taedet.

it shames, pudet.

SUBSTANTIVES.

stealing, i .
theft, 8>}furtum. *
crime, scelus, sceleris, n.
Catiline, Catilina.
Cicero, Cicero, Ciceronis.
kindness, beneficium, n.
idleness, inertia, inertia?,/
ignorance, ignorantia, /
penny, denarius, m.
power, imperium, potestas.
counsel, consilium, n.

ADJECTIVES.

desirous, cupidus.
skilled, peritus.

204

mindful, mem or.
sixty, sexaginta.
innocent, insons, insontis.
greedy, avidus.

ADVERBS,
abroad, foris.

205

VOCABULARY XII.

VERBS.

lead, duco (3), duxi, ductum.

fly, fugio (3), fugi, fugitum.

tremble, tremo (3), tremui, tremitum.

compare, confero, conferre, contuli, collatum| (c. ace.

differ, differo, differre, distuli, dilatum / and dat.\

wed. (of a woman), nubo (3), nupsi, nuptum (c. dat.}.

marry (of a man), duco . . . uxorem.

defend, defendo, (3), defendi, defensum.

destroy, perdo, (3), perdidi, perditum.

reverence, veneror (i).

to be worth, to be in good health, valeo (2).

it concerns, interest.

it is of importance to, refert.

lose, amitto (3), amisi, amissum.

SUBSTANTIVES,

Pontus, Ponti, m.

country-house, villa,/

spear, hasta,/

destruction, exitium, n.

Germans, Germani, m. pi.

leave, pax, pacis, f.

young man, adolescens, adolescentis, m.

habits, mores, morum, m. pi.

language, lingua,/

readiness, alacritas, alacritatis, /

Faesulae, Faesularum, /

ADJECTIVES AND NUMERALS.

eight, octo.
twelve, duodecim.

206

green, viridis.

dirty, fcedus.

eighteen, duodeviginti.

utmost, summus.

twenty- eight, duodetriginta.

207

VOCABULARY XIII,

VERBS,

placeo (2) (c. dat.}.
pay attention, dare operam (c. ad with off.}.

f lautum.
wash, lavo (i), lavi, j lotum.

(. lavatum.
dream, somnio (i).
quarrel, certo (i),
fetch water, aquor (i).
excel, supero (i).
fight, pugno (i).

appoint, constituo (3), constitui, constitutum.
decide, decerno (3), decrevi, decretum.
prepare, paro (i).

wage (war), gero (3), gessi, gestum.
rejoice, gaudeo (2), gavisus sum.
dig, fodio, (3), fodi, fossum.
bathe, lavor (i).
SOW, sero (3), sevi, satum.
be fitting for, decet (impers. 2).
burn, uro (3), ussi, ustum.
gather, carpo (3), carpsi, carptum.
gnaw, rodo (3), rosi, rosum.
protect, defendo (3), defend!, defensum.
lie down, recubo (i), recubui, recubitum.

SUBSTANTIVES.

tortoise, testudo, testudinis, f.
fox, vulpes, vulpis, f.
dream, somnium, n.
need, opus (indecL}.
practice, usus, usus, m.

208

care, cura, /

WOlf, lupus, lupi, m.

children, liberi, liberorum, m.

bear, ursus, ursi, m.

strife, rixa,/

traitor, proditor, proditoris, m.

Wisdom, sapientia, /

cave, caverna, /

thief, fur, furis, m

dinner, ccena, /

weather, tempestas, tempestatis, /

seed, semen, seminis, n.

nail, unguis, unguis, m.

grass, herba,/

ADJECTIVES.

useful, utilis.

cunning, callidus.

the other, cseteri, caeteras, caetera,

terrible, terribilis.

greedy, avidus.

favourable, idoneus.

damp, madidus.

greatly, magnopere.
soon, cito.

about, de (c. abl.}.
for, ad (c. ace.}.
after, post (c. ace.}.

ADVERBS.

PREPOSITIONS.

209

VOCABULARY XIV,

VERBS.

climb, scando (3), scandi, scansum.

fortify, munio (4).

mark out, definio (4).

darken, obscuro (i).

divide, divide (3), divisi, divisum.

honour, veneror (i).

assign, tribuo (3).

perform, fungor (3), functus.

proclaim, indico (3).

celebrate (games), facio.

welcome, recipio (3), recepi, receptum.

to turn one's back, dare tergum.

enrich, locupleto (i).

banish, expello (3), expuli, expulsum.

SUBSTANTIVES.

season, tempestas, tempestatis, f.
country, regio, regionis, f.
valley, vallis, /
beggar, mendicus, mendici, m.
site, situs, situs, in.
cloud, nubes, nubis, f.
spoil, praeda, praedae, f. ; spolium, n.
comrade, comes, comitis, c.
chief, princeps, principis, c.
office, munus, muneris, n.
duty, officium, n.
courage, virtus, virtutis, f.
foresight, providentia, /
kindness, benignitas, benignitatis, f.

P

210

temple, templum, n.

Pallas, Palladis,/

stranger, advena, advenas, c.

guest, hospes, hospitis, c.

Greece, Grsecia, /

conspirator, conjurator, conjuratoris, ;//.

priest, sacerdos, sacerdotis, m.

countryman, civis, civis, c.

disgrace, dedecus, dedecoris, n.

Apollo, Apollinis, m.

ADJECTIVES.

deceitful, falsus.
Steep, arduus.
well-suited, opportunus.
unhealthy, pestilens.
new, novus.
thirty, triginta.
seven, septem.
illustrious, egregius.
victorious, victor,
illegal, injustus.
irreligious, impius.
fourth, quartus.
famous, gloriosus.
kind, benignus.
splendid, magnificus.

PREPOSITIONS.

among, inter (c. ace.).
towards, erga (c. ace.).

211

VOCABULARY XV.

VERBS.

relate, narro (i).

report, refero, rettuli, relatum.

send away, dimitto (3).

informed, to be, certior fio.

news was brought, ntmtiatum est.

prepare, paro (i).

sell, vendo (3), vendidi, venditum (for anything, abl. of price.)

preserve, servo (i).

hope, spero (i).

lay waste, vasto (i).

swear, juro (i).

accuse, accuse (i) (c. ace. and gen.}.

encamp, castra pono.

it is a well-known fact, constat.

torture, torqueo (2), torsi, tortum.

deny, say not, nego (i).

speak the truth, vera loquor.

promise, polliceor (2), promitto (3).

I am sure, pro certo habeo.

to be on fire, ardeo (2), arsi, arsum.

to be hurtful to, noceo (2) (c. dat.\

to be without, desum (c. abl.).

SUBSTANTIVES.

envoy, legatus, legati, m.

spy, speculator, speculator is, m.

three thousand paces, tria millia passuum (accusative of distance

used to define place reached).
life, vita, /
help, auxilium, n. (by his help alone> suo unius auxilio).

212

state, respublica, f.

three hundred of us, trecenti nos.

treason, majestas, /

Parthians, Parthi.

Euphrates, m.

Arcadians, Arcades.

study, studium, n.

provisions, commeatus, commeatuum, m.

at the foot of, exp. by at the lowest, ad imum.

ADJECTIVES.

miserable, miser.

fortunate, felix.

few, paucus.

hateful, exp. by dative of odium, hate (c. dat.\

too much, nimium (c. gen.}.

213

VOCABULARY XVI,

VERBS.

ignorant, to be, ignore (i).

at hand, to be, adsum.

cross, trajicio (3), trajeci, trajectum.

deny, nego (i).

afraid of, to be, timeo (2).

move, moveo (2), movi, motum (v. #.).

reach, advenio (4), (c. ad.\

glad, to be, gaudeo (2), gavisus sum.

sorry, to be, doleo (2).

it is expedient, expedit.

VOW, voveo (2), vovi, votum.

it happens, accidit.

it is possible, fieri potest («/).

I intend, in meo animo est.

storm, oppugno (i).

threaten, minor (i).

destroy, deleo (2), delevi, deletum.

hurt, noceo (2) (c. dat.}.

SUBSTANTIVES.

deserter, profuga, profugae, c.
daybreak, prima lux.
giant, gigas, gigantis, m.
earth, tellus, telluris, /
ancients, antiqui, antiquorum.
swan, cygnus, cygni, m.
disease, morbus, morbi, m.
reward, praemium, n.
Sicily, Sicilia,/

214

ghosts, manes, manium, m.
temple, templum, n.
Jupiter, Jupiter, Jovis.
no one, nemo, neminis.
battle, pugna, pugnae, /
citadel, arx, arcis, /
country, agri, agrorum, m.
food, cibus, cibi, m.

ADJECTIVES.

Latin, Latinus.

disgraceful, turpis.

deadly, mortifer.

terrible, dirus.

safe, tutus.

twenty, viginti.

four, quatuor.

last = yesterday, hesternus.

ADVERBS.

formerly, olim.
ever, unquam.
immediately, statim.

PREPOSITIONS.

round, circum (c. acc.\

215

VOCABULARY XVII.

VERBS.

persuade, persuadeo (2), persuasi, persuasum (c. dat.).

advise, warn, moneo (2).

beg, oro (i).

order, impero (i) (c. (fat.).

bring, fero.

exhort, hortor (i).

fortify, munio (4).

defend, defendo (3).

to be silent, taceo (2).

beseech, obsecro (i).

to give orders, mando (i).

leave, relinquo (3).

demand, postulo (i).

give up, dedo (3).

fly, fugio (3). .

storm, oppugno (i).

SUBSTANTIVES.

children, liberi, m.

216

VOCABULARY XVIII

VERBS.

warn, admoneo (2).

put confidence in, confido (c. dat.).

determine, constituo (3).

learn, cognosce (3,, cognovi, cognitum.

satisfy, satisfacio (3) (c. dat.}.

resolve, decerno (3) decrevi, decretum.

implore, oro (i).

break down, frango (3), fregi, fractum.

come off, evado (3), evasi, evasum.

read, lego (3), legi, lectum.

plunder, spoil o (i).

summon, arcesso (3), arcessivi, arcessitum.

drink, bibo (3), bibi, bibitum.

move, moveo (2), movi, motum (v. act.).

despair, despero (i) (c. de 'with abl.).

surround, cingo (3), cinxi, cinctum.

SUBSTANTIVES.

Gauls, Galli.
plan, consilium, n.
place, locus, loci, m.
woman, mulier, mulieris, /
children, liberi, liberorum, m.
bridge, pons, pontis, m.
Greek, Grsecus.
safety, salus, salutis, f.

217
ADJECTIVES.

doubtful, dubius.
victorious, victor, victoris.
which of the two, uter.

ADVERBS.

whether (anyone), num (quis).

PREPOSITIONS.

before, ante (c. ace.}.

with (=in company with), cum (c. abl.}.

PRONOUNS.

anyone, quis.

218

VOCABULARY XIX.

VERBS.

compel, cogo (3), coegi, coactum. \ N B _AU these Vfirbs
allow, smo (3), sivi, situm. I take ^ >rf ^ Infinitive

suffer, patior (3), passus. V instead ^ ^ Qr

forbid, veto (i) vetui, vetitum. | Subjunctive.
order, jubeo (2), jussi, jussum. /
I am afraid, vereor, timeo, metuo.

c. ut with subj. when it is feared something will not happen.

ne with subj. when it is feared something will happen,
prefer, malo (c. prolative in/in.).
t)iing word, refero.
live, habito (i).

expect, spero (c. ace. and fut. infin^.
find, reperio (4), repperi, repertum.
inquire, interrogo (i).

( ask [a question), qusero (3), quaesivi, quaesitum.

1 ask (to do anything), rogo. oro (i).
wonder, miror (i).
take care, euro (i).

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS, ADJECTIVES, AND

ADVERBS.
Who, quis.

what sort of, qualis, quale.
how many, quot (indecl.}.
how large, quantus, a, um.
how often, quoties.

( where . . . from, unde.

< where, ubi (= in what place).

( where ... to, quo (= to what place),
when, quando. [N.B. — Never quum in questions],
why, cur, quare.
how (=in what way), quomodo.
whether, utrum (after verbs of wondering or trying, si).

219

VOCABULARY XX.

VERBS.

storm, adorior (4), adortus.

gain, nanciscor (3), nactus.

enter, intro (i).

discover, reperio (4), repperi, repertum,

shut, claudo (3), clausi, clausum.

disturb, vexo (i).

it delights, juvat.

rob, spolio (i).

lie in wait, delitesco (3), delitui.

/ lotum -\
wash, lavo (i), lavi, < lautum > (transitive verb}.

( lavatum )
cross, trajicio (3), trajeci, trajectum.

SUBSTANTIVES.

games, ludi, m.
gate, porta,/,
fly, musca, /
nation, gens, gentis, f.
hunger, fames, famis, f.
traveller, viator, m.
lady, domina, /
prize, praemium, n.
torture, supplicium, n.

ADJECTIVES.

clever, callidus, dexter,
rude, inurbanus.
talkative, loquax, loquacis.

220
ADVERBS

distinctly, clare.
SO, ita, tarn.
so much, adeo.
quickly, celeriter.
seldom, raro.
bravely, fortiter

221

VOCABULARY XXL

VERBS.

bestow freely, largior (4).

swim, nato (i).

consider, puto (i).

fly, fugio (3), fugi, fugitum.

climb, scando (3), scandi, scansum.

„ ascendo (3), ascendi, ascensum.
die, morior (3), mortuus.
find, invenio (4), inveni, inventum.
desert, desero (3), deserui, desertum.
fetch water, aquor (i).
inquire, cognosce,
rouse, cieo (2), civi, citum.
am afraid, timeo (2), metuo (3).
perish, pereo, perire, perii, peritum.
freeze, gelo (i) (v. act.}.
hinder, impedio (4).

doubt, dubito (i), not doubt ', haud dubito,
hate, odi.

spoil, perdo (3), perdidi, perditum.
mount, ascendo (3) (c. in with ace.}.
walk, ambulo (i).
demand, postulo (i).
surrender, dedo (3), dedidi, deditum.

SUBSTANTIVES.

aid, auxilium, n.
traitor, proditor, proditoris, m.
robber, latro, latronis, m.
servant, famulus, famuli, m.
mast, malus, mali, m.
crash, fragor, fragoris, m.
food, cibus, cibi, m

222

lake, lacus, lacus, m.

wasp, vespa,/

rain, imber, imbris, m.

wheat, fruges, frugum, /.

storm, procella, /

song, carmen, carminis, n.

doubt (there is no doubt), haud dubium est.

ambassador, legatus, legati, m.

nobody, nemo, nullius.

ADJECTIVES.

faithless, infidus.

mad, demens, dementis.

imprudent, incautus.

so great, tantus.

deaf, surdus.

credulous, credulus.

faithful, fidus.

deep, profundus, altus.

terrible, dims.

hot, calidus.

proud, "superbus.

no, nullus.

PRONOUNS.

and nobody = nor anyone, neque quisquam.
(in order) that nobody, ne quis.
(so) that nobody, ut nullus, ut nemo,
there are some who, sunt qui (c. subj.\

ADVERBS.

severely, badly, graviter.

(in order) that never, ne quando.

(so) that never, ut nunquam.

hitherto, antehac.

speedily (of time), cito.

(to be) on the point of, in eo esse ut.

(I am) so far from . . . that, tantum abest (mihi) ut . . . ut.

not even, ne . . . quidem.

223

VOCABULARY XXII.

VERBS.

remain, maneo (2), mansi, mansum.

to be angry with, irascor (3), iratus (c. dat.\

forget, obliviscor (3), oblltus (c. gen. or ace.}.

to be unwell, aegroto (i).

waste time, cesso (i).

delay, cunctor (i).

condemn, condemno (i).

to break one's word, fidem fallo (3), fefelli, falsum.

I pity you (= it pities me of you), miseret tui me.

to be silent, taceo (2).

help, subvenio (4), subveni, subventum {c. dat.\ adjuvo (i).

walk, ambulo (i).

go on (= take place), geror (3), gestus.

wage war, bellum gero.

wait, expecto (i).

to be ended, exp. by passive of perago.

to be allowed, exp. by licet (c. dat. with infinitive as subject).

bury, sepelio (4), sepelivi, sepultum,

summon, voco (i).

charge, impetum facio (c. in with ace.).

desire, cupio (3), cupivi, cupitum.

be drowned (= perish), pereo (or exp. by passive ^submerge (3),

submersi, submersum).
set on fire, accendo (3), accendi, accensum.

SUBSTANTIVES,
ear, auris, f.
mouth, os, oris, n.
dictator, dictator, dictatoris, m.
omens, auspicia (^/.), n.

224

counsel, consilium, n.

Nero, Neronis.

soothsayer, haruspex, haruspicis, m.

there is need of, opus est (c. abl.} ; I have need of, mihi opus est.

just, asquus.
faithless, infidus.
dull, hebes, hebetis.
lame, claudus.
third, tertius.
lucky, faustus.
daring, audax.
guilty, sons, sontis.

ADJECTIVES.

ADVERBS.

SO, ita.

on that account, )iddrco
for this reason, )

225

VOCABULARY XXIII,

VERBS.

decide, decerno (3), decrevi, decretum.

take away, demo (3), dempsi, demptum.

provide, prasbeo (2).

plot, molior (4).

aim at, appeto (3), appetivi or -ii, appetitum.

cut down, caedo (3), cecldi, caesura.

manage, administro (i).

rise, surgo (3), surrexi, surrectum.

plunge, mergo (3), mersi, mersum (transitive).

sail, navigo (i).

advance, progredior (3), progressus.

endure, perfero.

want, volo.

assemble, convenia

betray, prodo (3), prodidi, proditum.

spend (time), ago (3), egi, actum.

dine, coeno (i).

take up (arms), sumo (3), sumpsi, sumptum.

defeat, fundo (3), fudi, fusum.

fly, fugio (3), fugi, fugitum,

give way, cedo (3), cessi, cessum.

encourage, exhortor (i).

fall ill, in morbum incido (3), incidi, incasum.

avoid, vito (i).

to be aware of, cognosce (3), cognovi, cognitum,

SUBSTANTIVES.

assembly, contio, contionis, /
right of appeal, provocatio, /
labourers, operae, operarum, m.
character, mores (//.), m.

Q

226

state, res-publica, /

dictatorship, dictatura, /

business, negotium, n.

treaty, fcedus, foederis, n.

horsemen, equites (//.), m.

footsoldiers, pedites (pi.}, m.

earthquake, terrae motus, jnotus.

hardship, labor, laboris, m.

recruit, tiro, tironis, m.

spear, hasta, /

mile, millia passuum ; two miles off, a millibus passuum duobus.

portent, prodigium, «.

coat, vestis, f.

philosopher, philosophus, philosophi, m.

ADJECTIVES.

honourable, honestus.

advanced-in-years, grandis.

fitted for, aptus (constr. qui with subj.}.

three thousand, ter mille or tria millia.

swift, velox, velocis.

cautious, cautus.

ADVERBS.

just, modo.

in all directions, passim.

CONJUNCTIONS.

whenever, quoties.

PREPOSITIONS.

with (= at the house of), apud (c. ace.}.
against, in, contra (c. ace.}.

227

VOCABULARY XXIV.

VERBS.

touch, tango (3), tetigi, tactum.

make a mistake, erro (i).

fight, pugno (c. cum and abl.).

leave (= bequeath), lego (i).

sail, navigo (i).

undergo punishment, pcenas do (i).

obtain a request, impetro (i).

help, subvenio (4), subveni, subventum (c. dat.).

dine, prandeo (2), prandi, pransum.

welcome, excipio (3).

run away, aufugio (3).

be sorry, doleo (2).

shout, clamo (i).

hinder, prevent, impedio (4).

SUBSTANTIVES.

property, bona, n. pi.
harbour, portus, portus, m.
orders, mandatum, n.
philosopher, philosophus, m.
Athenian, Atheniensis.
illness, morbus, morbi, ;//.
example, exemplum, n.
valour, virtus, virtutis,/

ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS.

the celebrated, ille.
illustrious, clarus.
twenty, viginti.

266

ADVERBS.

for the last time, postremum.
certainly, certe.

CONJUNCTIONS.

if, si.

if .... not, nisi, si .... non.

229

VOCABULARY XXV.

VERBS.

advance, procedo (3), processi, processum.

lie, jaceo (2).

swear, juro (i).

go on, exp. by passive of gero (3), gessi, gestum.

stir up, moveo (2), movi, motum.

receive, accipio (3), accepi, acceptum.

hide, occulto (i).

hold-up, sustineo (2), sustinui, sustentum.

guard, custodio (4).

endeavour, conor (i).

sleep, dormio (4).

make known, nuntio (i).

mourn, lugeo (2), luxi, luctum.

collect, convoco (i).

address, colloquor (3).

change, muto (i).

break out, exorior (4), exortus.

raise (a shout) (clamorem), tollo (3), sustuli, sublatum.

charge, impetum facio (c. in with ace.).

reach, pervenio (4), (c. ace.).

despair, despero (i).

attack, adorior (4), adortus.

send for, arcesso (3), arcessivi, arcessitum.

reconnoitre, explore (i).

to exile, expello (3), expuli, expulsum.

hasten, festino (i).

lose, amitto (3).

utter, edo (3), edidi, editum.

SUBSTANTIVES.

marching, iter, itineris, n.
forces, copise,/

230

conqueror, victor, m.
rebellion, seditio,/
Phocion, Phocionis.
voice, vox, vocis, /
face, vultus, vultus, m.
noise, shout, clamor, m.
mind, animus, animi, m.
Pericles, Periclis.
cavalry, equites, m. pi.
ally, socius, socii, m.
captain, prsefectus, prafecti, m.
legion, legio, legionis, /
SCOUt, speculator, m.
Aristides, Aristidis.
word, verbum, n.

ADJECTIVES

weary, fessus.

in order, instructus.

dead, mortuus.

friendly, amicus.

poor, pauper, pauperis.

rich, dives, divitis.

small, parvus.

dishonourable, turpis.

honourable, honestus.

unjust, iniquus.

worn out, confectus.

dull, hebes, hebetis.

open, apertus.

tenth, decimus.

too just, praster modum Justus.

CONJUNCTIONS.

yet, i

still, } tamen-

231

towards, in (<;. ace.}.
among, inter (c. ace.}.
near, prope (c. ace.}.

PREPOSITIONS.

ADVERBS.

thereupon, inde, quo facto,
at once, statim.
scarcely, vix.

232

VOCABULARY XXVI.

VERBS,
err, erro (i).

boast, glorior (i).

banish, expello (3), expuli, expulsum.

think worthy, dignor (i) (c. abl.}.

recover, recipio (3).

read aloud, recito (i).

depart, discedo (3), discessi, discessum.

delay, moror (i).

take possession of, potior (4) (c. abl.}.

set fire to, accendo (3), accendi, accensum.

surprise, occupo (i),

place in front of, antepono (3).

sail, navigo (i).

release, libero (i).

cross, trajicio (3), trajeci, trajectum.

help, subvenio (4) (c. dat.).

SUBSTANTIVES.

farm, fundus, fundi, m.

honour, decus, decoris, n.

treachery, perfidia, f.

report, fama,/

magistrate, magistrates, magistratus, m.

RELFE BROTHERS, 6, CHARTERHOUSE BUILDINGS, LONDON', EC,

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